Skip to main content

Geology: From Antiquity to Modern Day Geoheritage and Geoconservation, with Britain as a Case Study

La géologie: de l'Antiquité à nos jours Le géopatrimoine et la géoconservation, cas de la Grande-Bretagne

الجيولوجيا: من العصور القديمة إلى العصر الحديثالجيوتراث والجيوحماية، بريطانيا نموذجا للدراسة

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
From Geoheritage to Geoparks

Part of the book series: Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism ((GGAG))

Abstract

This paper outlines the long history of investigations and writings in regard to the geology, i.e., in the increasing level of awareness of the geological phenomena and the properties of geological materials resulting in different uses and hence different values being assigned to stone, minerals and metals, and crystals. This history spans from antiquity to the secular scientific endeavours that led to founding principles in geology, and the development of its discipline and sub-disciplines. The post-industrialisation events in Britain led to the world’s first geosite inventory-based on geoconservation needs. While the beginnings of curiosity in geology date back to the beginning of civilisation, interest in what is now termed geoheritage, in modern times, largely derives from Britain. As such, with its classic sites, reference sites, and type locations, many of which are global standards for stratigraphy, and sites illustrating geological principles, Britain provides a case study of the history and development of geoconservation.

Résumé

Ce travail donne un aperçu sur la longue histoire des investigations et des écrits liés à la géologie. Cette dernière a évolué avec la croissante prise de conscience des phénomènes géologiques et des propriétés des matériaux géologiques résultant de différentes utilisations et donc des valeurs différentes ont été affectées à la pierre, les minéraux et les métaux, et des cristaux. Cette histoire s’étend de l’Antiquité aux efforts scientifiques laïques qui ont conduit aux principes fondateurs de la géologie, le développement de ses discipline et sous-disciplines. Les événements post-industrialisation en Grande-Bretagne ont conduit au premier inventaire mondial des géosites basé sur un besoin de géoconservation. Alors que le commencement de l’intérêt à la géologie remonte au début de la civilisation, l’intérêt au géopatrimoine revient surtout à la Grande-Bretagne. Avec ses sites classiques, ses sites de référence, ses sites illustrant les principes géologiques et ses localités type dont beaucoup sont des standards stratigraphiques internationaux, la Grande-Bretagne offre un cas d’étude de l’histoire et du développement de géopatrimoine et de la géoconservation.

ملخص

يقدم هذا العمل نظرة عامة حول التاريخ الطويل للتحريات والكتابات المرتبطة بالجيولوجيا. هذه الأخيرة تطورت مع الوعي المتزايد بالظواهر الجيولوجية وخصائص المواد الجيولوجية الناتجة عن الاستخدامات المختلفة، وبالتالي فإن قيما مختلفة أعطيت للحجر، المعادن والفلزات والبلورات. هذا التاريخ يمتد من العصور القديمة إلى الجهود العلمية العلمانية التي وضعت المبادئ التأسيسية لعلم الجيولوجيا، وطورت تخصصاتها الأساسية والفرعية. وقد أدت أحداث ما بعد التصنيع ببريطانيا إلى أول جرد عالمي للجيومواقع ينبني على الحاجة إلى جيومحافظة. في حين أن الاهتمام بالجيولوجيا يرجع إلى بداية الحضارة، فان الاهتمام بالجيوتراث خلال السنوات الأخيرة يعود خصوصا إلى بريطانيا. فبمواقعها الكلاسيكية، ومواقعها المرجعية، ومواقعها التي توضح المبادئ الجيولوجية، والمواقع النموذجية حيث العديد منها هي معايير دولية لعلم الطبقات، فبريطانيا تقدم نموذجا لتاريخ وتطور الجيوتراث والجيومحافظة.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams FD (1938) The birth and development of geological sciences. First published by Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 506p (Reprinted by Dover Publication, New York, 1954)

    Google Scholar 

  • Agricola G (1556) De Re Metallica. 1st Latin edition of 1556: Agricola G (1950) (trans: Hoover HC, Hoover LH). Dover Publications Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitchison L (1960) A history of metals, vol 1. Macdonald & Evans Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Allsen TT (2006) Natural history and cultural history: the circulation of hunting leopards in Eurasia, seventh-seventeenth centuries. In: Mair VH (ed) Contact and exchange in the ancient world. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, pp 16–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (1993) Proceedings of the first international symposium on the conservation of our geological heritage, Digne, France, 11–16 June 1991. Terra abstracts supplement 2 to Terra Nova vol 3, p 17

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2012) Stanford dictionary of philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ikhwan-al-safa/. Accessed Oct 2013

  • Asimov MS, Bosworth EC (1998) The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century: the achievements. History of civilizations of Central Asia, pp 211–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Badman T, Brunsden D, Edmonds R, King S, Pamplins C, Turnbull M (2003) Jurassic Coast–Dorset and East Devon. World heritage site, Jurassic Coast Trust, Coastal Publishing, Wareham

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclay WJ, Browne MAE, McMillan AA, Pickett EA, Stone P, Wilby PR (2005) The old red sandstone of Great Britain. Geological conservation review series, no. 31, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 393p

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MR, Doyle P (1996) The rationale for earth heritage conservation and the role of urban geology. In: Bennett MR, Doyle P, Larwood JG, Prosser CD (eds) Geology on your doorstep: the role of urban geology in earth heritage conservation. The Geological Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenčič M (2011) Word geology—its roots and meanings. Geologija 54(2):177–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocx M (2008) Geoheritage—from global perspectives to local principles for conservation and planning. Western Australian Museum, 175p. ISBN 978-1-920843-35-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Brocx M, Semeniuk V (2007) Geoheritage and geoconservation—history, definition, scope and scale. J Roy Soc W Aust 90:53–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown JC (1988) The condition of England and the standard of living: cotton towns in the Northwest, 1806–1850. J Econ Hist 50:591–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckland W, de la Beche H (1836) On the geology of the neighbourhood of Weymouth and the adjacent parts of the coast of Dorset. Trans Geol Soc Lond 2(4):1–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Burek CV, Potter J (2003) Local geodiversity action plans—sharing good practice workshop Peterborough, 3 December 2003. English nature research reports 601

    Google Scholar 

  • Burek CV, Prosser CD (eds) (2008) The history of geoconservation. The Geological Society (Special Publications), London, p 300

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleal CJ (1994) GIGC-a new force in earth science conservation. Earth Sci Conserv 26:17

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleal CJ (2001) Personal communication. National Museums & Galleries of Wales

    Google Scholar 

  • Devon Biodiversity Partnership (1998) The nature of Devon—Devon Biodiversity Action Plan

    Google Scholar 

  • Devon Biodiversity Partnership (2005) The nature of Devon—Devon Biodiversity Action Plan (revised). http://www.devon.gov.uk/devon_biodiversity_action_plan

  • Doyle P, Easterbrook G, Reid E, Skipsey E, Wilson C (1994) Earth heritage conservation. In: Wilson C (ed) City Print (Milton Keynes) Ltd, Milton Keynes

    Google Scholar 

  • Duff K (1994) Natural areas: a holistic approach to conservation based on geology. In: O’Halloran D, Green C, Harley M, Stanley M, Knill J (eds) Geological and landscape conservation. Geological Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Earth Heritage Trust (2008) Malvern Hills (1)—landscape and geology trail. University of Worcester, Geological Records Centre

    Google Scholar 

  • Eder FW, Patzac M (1999) “UNESCO GEOPARK”—new UNESCO programme for the environment and sustainable development. Geol Insubrica 4(1):17–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberger F (1978) The first international geological congress, Paris 1878. Episodes 1:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis NV, Bowen DQ, Campbell S, Knill JL, McKirdy AP, Prosser CD, Vincent MA, Wilson RCL (1996) An introduction to the geological conservation review, GCR 1. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • English Nature (1998) Natural areas: nature conservation in context (CD-ROM). English Nature, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • English Nature (2004) Linking geology and biodiversity. English Nature Research Report, Peterborough, p 562

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikstad L (2008) The History of Geoconservation in Europe. In: Burek CV, Prosser CD (eds) The history of geoconservation. The Geological Society (Special Publications), London, pp 249–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Errami E, Ennih N, Bendaoud A, Bouzidi O, Chabou MC, Andrianaivo L, Ben Ismail-Lattrache K, Hassine M (2012) Inventaire du géopatrimoine en Afrique: état des lieux et perspectives. Actes Géopatrimoine: un lustre d’inventaire en France/Dignes 2012, pp 128–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Errami E, Ennih E, Brocx M, Semeniuk V, Otmane K (2013) Geoheritage, geoconservation and aspiring geoparks in Morocco: the Zenaga Inlier. Soc Geol Ital 18:49–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon JE, Leys KF (eds) (2001) Earth science and the natural heritage. Scottish Natural Heritage, The Stationary Office, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon JE, Barron HF (2012) Valuing geodiversity and geoconservation: developing a more strategic ecosystem approach. Scott Geogr J 128(3–4):278–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray M, John E, Gordon JE, Brown EJ (2013) Geodiversity and the ecosystem approach: the contribution of geoscience in delivering integrated environmental management. Proc Geol Assoc 124:659–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hallam A (1989) Great geological controversies, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell JA, Brown VM (1992) The world’s oldest surviving geological map—the 1150 BC Turin papyrus from Egypt. J Geol 100(1):3–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henshall A (2012) A history of Japan: from stone age to superpower. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, p 13

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover CL, Hoover LH (1950) Introduction, Geogius Agricola: De re Metallica. 1st Latin edition of 1556. Dover Publications, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton J (1788) Theory of the earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution, and restoration of land upon the Globe. Trans Roy Soc Edinb 1(2):209–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton J (1795) Theory of the earth; with proofs and illustrations, 2 vols. Creech, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonasson C, Gordon JE, Kociánová M, Josefsson M, Dvorák IJ, Thompson DBA (2005) Links between geodiversity and biodiversity in European mountains: case studies from Sweden, Scotland and the Czech Republic. In: Thompson DBA, Galbraith C, Price M (eds) The mountains of Europe: conservation, management and initiatives. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, pp 55–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapworth C (1885) The highland controversy in British geology: its causes, course and consequences. Nature 32:558–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudan L (1987) From mineralogy to geology: the foundations of a science, 1650–1830. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Laudan L (1993) Histories of the science and their uses: a review to 1913. Hist Sci 31:1–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyell C (1836) Address to the geological society, delivered at the anniversary, on the 19th of February, 1836. Proc Geol Soc Lond 2(44):357–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyell C (1872) Prejudices which have retarded the progress of geology, Chapter 5. In: Principles of geology, or the modern changes of the earth and its inhabitants considered as illustrative of geology, vol 1. John Murray Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason V, Stanley M (2001) RIGS handbook. Royal Society for Nature Conservation, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerhof M (1931) Science and medicine. In: Sir Arnold T, Guillaume A (eds) The legacy of Islam. Oxford University, Oxford, pp 311–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham J (1959) Mathematics and the sciences of the heavens and the earth. Science and civilisation in China, Chapter 23, vol 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 591–623

    Google Scholar 

  • ODPM (2005) Planning policy statement 9: biodiversity and geological conservation. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Eland House, Bressenden Place, London

    Google Scholar 

  • ODPM (2006) Planning for biodiversity and geological conservation—a guide to good practice. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Eland House, Bressenden Place, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Page KN (ed) (2008) Geological landscapes. LANDMAP methodology: guidance for wales. Countryside Council for Wales. http://landmap.ccw.gov.uk

  • Page KN, Wimbledon WA, Bullen J (2005) The LANDMAP information system (System Wybodaeth LANDMAP; Wales, UK)—a new multidisciplinary approach to evaluating and managing ‘geological landscapes’. In: Earth heritage centre (University of Minho) 2005, IV international symposium ProGEO on the conservation of the geological heritage, Abstracts: 106. University of Minho (Braga), Portugal

    Google Scholar 

  • Page KN, Meléndez G, Henriques MH (2008) Jurassic global stratotype section and points (GSSPs)—a potential serial world heritage site? Volumina Jurassica 6:157–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Page KN, Meléndez G, Hart MB, Price GD, Wright JK, Brown P, Bello J (2009) Integrated stratigraphical study of the candidate Oxfordian global stratotype section and point (GSSP) at Redcliff Point, Weymouth, Dorset, UK. Volumina Jurassica 7:101–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Prosser C, Hughes I (2001) Geological conservation in England and Wales: new legislation brings increased protection and better site management. ProGEO News 3

    Google Scholar 

  • Prosser C, Murphy M, Larwood J (2006) Geological conservation: a guide to good practice. English Nature, Peterborough

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawlinson G (2005) The seven great monarchies of the ancient eastern world, vol 3(of 7). In: Widger D (ed) Media the history, geography, and antiquities of Chaldaea, Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persian Empire; with maps and illustrations. Project Gutenberg Editions, George Rawlinson (1812–1902), eBook. www.gutenberg.net

  • Rawson PF, Wright JK (1992) The Yorkshire Coast. Geologists’ Association (new edition 2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Said HM (1989) Al-Biruni’s Kitab al-Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones) (trans: Said HM). Adam Publishers, India, pp 1–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Saliba G (2011) Bīrūnī, Abū Rayhān iii. Mathematics and astronomy. In: Encyclopædia Iranica [7]. Accessed April 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Sevillano-López D, González FJ (2011) Mining and minerals trade on the Silk road to the ancient literary sources: 2 BC to 10 AD centuries. In: Ortiz JE, Puche O, Rábano I, Mazadiego LF (eds) History of research in mineral resources. International commission on the history of geological sciences, INHIGEO-IUGS 2010 symposium, Spain. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 13. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, pp 43–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Snodin D (1978) A mighty ferment: Britain in the age of revolution 1750–1850. Andre Deutsch, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stace H, Larwood J (2006) Natural foundations: geodiversity for people, places and nature. English Nature, Peterborough. Report CORP21 UK RIGS

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RC (1937) The rock of Behistun. In: Sir Hammerton JA (ed) Wonders of the past, vol II. Wise and Co, New York, pp 760–767

    Google Scholar 

  • Torfason H (2001) Sites of geological interest (SGI). Report and draft recommendations, group of experts for setting up the Emerald network of areas of special conservation interest, Istanbul. Council of Europe, Bern T-PVS (2001) 64, 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Vai GB (2003) Giovanni Capellini and the origin of the international geological congress. Episodes 25(4):248–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Vai GB (2009) Light and shadow: the status of Italian geology around 1807. Geol Soc Lond (Special Publications) 317:179–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vai GB, Cavazza W (2006) Ulisse Aldrovandi and the origin of geology and science. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 411:43–63

    Google Scholar 

  • von Zittel A (1901) History of geology and palæontology to the end of the nineteenth century (trans: Ogilvie-Gordon MM). J., Cramer Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd and Hafner Publishing Co., Codicote. Herts (Reprint 1–152)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weighell T, Ellis NV (2001) Earth heritage work within JNCC—a forward look to 2004: JNCC 01 P21, Dec 2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Welton S (2004) The jurassic textbook—a strategy for education for the jurassic coast world heritage site. Dorset County Council’s Outdoor Education Service

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiedenbein FW (1994) Origin and use of the word “geotope” in German-speaking countries. In: O’Halloran D, Green C, Harley M, Stanley M, Knill J (eds) Geological and landscape conservation. Geological Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimbledon WA, Benton MJ, Black RE, Bridgeland DR, Cleal CJ, Cooper RG, May VJ (1995) The development of a methodology for the selection of British geological sites for conservation: part 1. Mod Geol 20:159

    Google Scholar 

  • Zolfagharia M, Cheginib NN, Malianc A (2005) Photogrammetric documentation and analysis of Darius’ monument at Bisotun. In: CIPA 2005 XX international symposium, 26 Sep–01 Oct 2005, Torino, Italy

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the assistance of Stewart Campbell (Countryside Council for Wales), Colin Prosser (English Nature), and Michael Stanley in relation to providing historical information for an earlier draft of the case study outlined in this paper. Editorial feedback prior to the review process was provided by Chris Cleal (National Museums & Galleries of Wales) and John Bailey (Murdoch University, Western Australia). Their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the reviewers for their constructive comments, and Ezzoura Errami for the invitation to present this paper as a Keynote Address at the First International Conference on African and Arabian Geoparks held in November 2011 in El Jadida, Morocco.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Brocx .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V. (2015). Geology: From Antiquity to Modern Day Geoheritage and Geoconservation, with Britain as a Case Study. In: Errami, E., Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V. (eds) From Geoheritage to Geoparks. Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10708-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics