Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of Ethylene Diurea-Induced Protection in Plants Against Ozone Phytotoxicity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 233

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 233))

Abstract

Rapid economic growth, industrialization, urbanization, and improper implementation of environmental regulations have contributed to increased tropospheric O3 levels since preindustrial times, and this increase has produced a serious air pollution problem. Apart from being a hazardous air pollutant, O3 has also been recognized as the third major (carbon dioxide and methane) green house gas in terms of additional radiative forcing and climate change (Forster et al. 2007). Because of its oxidative capacity, high O3 levels in the atmosphere are detrimental to living organisms, including plants. Ozone is among the most damaging air pollutants to which plants are exposed, and produces substantive plant biomass and yield (seed weight) reductions (Thompson 1992; Agrawal et al. 2005; Manning 2005; Hassan 2006; Hassan and Tewfik 2006; Singh et al. 2009a, 2014; Wahid 2006 a, b; Sarkar and Agrawal 2010a, b; Tripathi and Agrawal 2013). The economic loss for 23 horticultural and agricultural crops from O3 exposure was estimated to be approximately $6.7 billion for the year 2000 in Europe (Holland et al. 2006). Wang and Mauzerall (2004) anticipated economic losses of upto 9 % for four important cereal crops (viz., wheat, rice, maize and soybean) grown in China, South Korea and Japan. To minimize such crop losses many potential antioxidants (e.g., fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators and plant extracts) have been evaluated. Among these, the systemic antioxidant, ethylene diurea, –N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N′ phenylurea (popularly known as EDU) was found to be the most effective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adedipe NO, Ormrod DP (1972) Hormonal regulation of ozone phytotoxicity in Raphanus sativus L. Z Fuer Pflanzenphysiologie 68:254–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal SB, Agrawal M (1999) Low temperature scanning electron microscope studies of stomatal response in snap bean plants treated with ozone and ethylenediurea. Biotronics 28:45–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal M, Singh B, Rajput M, Marshall F, Bell JNB (2003) Effect of air pollution on peri-urban agriculture: a case study. Environ Pollut 126:323–329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal SB, Singh A, Rathore D (2004) Assessing the effects of ambient air pollution on growth, biochemical and yield characteristics of three cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with ethylenediurea and ascorbic acid. J Plant Biol 31:165–172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal SB, Singh A, Rathore D (2005) Role of ethylenediurea (EDU) in assessing impact of ozone on Vigna radiata L. plants in a suburban area of Allahabad (India). Chemosphere 61:218–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal M, Singh B, Agrawal SB, Bell JNB, Marshall F (2006) The effect of air pollution on yield and quality of mung bean grown in peri-urban areas of Varanasi. Water Air Soil Pollut 169:239–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed S (2009) Effects of air pollution on yield of mungbean in Lahore, Pakistan. Pak J Bot 41:1013–1021

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth EA (2008) Rice production in a changing climate: a meta-analysis of responses to elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration. Global Change Biol 14:1642–1650

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth N, Ashmore MR (1992) Assessment of ozone effects on beech by injection of a protectant chemical. Forest Ecol Manag 51:129–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth N, Fumagalli I, Giorcelli A, Mignanego L, Schenone G, Vieto L (1996) Assessment of EDU stem injections as a technique to investigate the response of trees to ambient ozone in field conditions. Agri Ecosys Environ 59:33–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali AA, Abdel-Fattah RI (2006) Protection of agricultural crops in Egypt against adverse effects of atmospheric pollutants I. By using of ethylene diurea. J Agron 5:158–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali A, Alfarhan A, Robinson E, Bokhari N, Al-Rasheid K, Al-Quraishy S (2008) Tropospheric ozone effects on the productivity of some crops in Central Saudi Arabia. Am J Environ Sci 4:631–637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Qurainy FH (2008) Effect of air pollution and ethylenediurea on broad bean plants grown at two localities in KSA. Int J Botany 4:117–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alscher RG, Hess JL (1993) Antioxidants in higher plants. CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambasth NK, Agrawal M (2003) Effects of enhance UV-B radiation and tropospheric ozone on physiological and biochemical characteristics of field grown wheat. Biol Plant 47:625–628

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariyaphanphitak W (2004) Effects of ground-level ozone on crop productivity in Thailand. The Joint international conference on “sustainable energy and environment (SEE)” 1–3 December 2004, Hua Hin, Thailand

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariyaphanphitak W, Chidthaisong A, Sarobol E, Bashkin VN, Towprayoon S (2005) Effects of elevated ozone concentrations on Thai jasmine rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Water Air Soil Pollut 167:179–200

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astorino G, Margani I, Tripodo P (1995) The response of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Lit. to different dosages of the anti-ozonant ethylenediurea (EDU) in relation to chronic treatment with ozone. Plant Sci 111:237–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bambawale OM (1986) Evidence of ozone injury to a crop in India. Atmos Environ 20:1501–1503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batini P, Ederli L, Pasqualini S, Antonielli M, Valentini V (1995) Effects of ethylenediurea and ozone in detoxificant ascorbic-ascorbate peroxidase system in tobacco plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 33:717–723

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JH, Hill AC (1973) Absorption of gaseous air pollutants by a standardized plant canopy. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 23:203–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JH, Lee EH, Heggestad HH (1978) Apparent photosynthesis and leaf stomatal diffusion in EDU treated ozone-sensitive bean plants. In: Proceedings of the 5th Annual Meeting of the Plant Growth Regulator Working Group, pp 242–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Biemelt S, Keetmsn U, Albrecht G (1998) Re-aeration following hypoxia or anoxia leads to activation of the antioxidative defense systems in roots of wheat seedlings. Plant Physiol 116:651–658

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bisessar S (1982) Effect of ozone, antioxidant protection, and early blight on potato in the field. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 107:597–599

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bisessar S, Palmer KT (1984) Ozone, antioxidant spray and Meloidogyne hapla effects on tobacco. Atmos Environ 18:1025–1027

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas DK, Xu H, Li YG, Sun GZ, Wang XZ, Han XG, Jiang GM (2008) Genotypic differences in leaf biochemical, physiological and growth responses to ozone in 20 winter wheat cultivars released over the past 60 years. Global Change Biol 14:46–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum O, Didyk N, Pavluchenko N, Godzik B (2011) Assessment of protective effects of some modern agrochemicals against ozone-induced stress in sensitive clover and tobacco cultivars. J Toxicol 2011:308598. doi:10.1155/2011/308598

    Google Scholar 

  • Booker FL, Fiscus EL (2005) The role of ozone flux and antioxidants in the suppression of ozone injury by elevated carbon dioxide in soybean. J Exp Bot 56:2139–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bors W, Langebartels C, Michel C, Sandermann H (1989) Polyamines as radical scavengers and protectants against ozone damage. Phytochemistry 28:1585–1595

    Google Scholar 

  • Bortier K, Dekelever G, De Temmerman L, Ceulemans R (2001) Stem injection of Populus nigra with EDU to study ozone effects under field conditions. Environ Pollut 111:199–208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bou Jaoudé M, Katerji N, Mastrorilli M, Rana G (2008) Analysis of the effect of ozone on soybean in the Mediterranean region II. The consequences on growth, yield and water use efficiency. Eur J Agron 28:519–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowler C, Montagu MV, Inze D (1992) Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 43:83–116

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowler C, Van Camp W, Van Montagu M, Inze D (1994) Superoxide dismutase in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 13:199–218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan EG, Clarke BB, Greenhalgh-weidman B, Smith G (1990) An assessment of the impact of ambient ozone on field grown crops in New Jersey using the EDU method: Part 2-soybean (Glycine max L.) Merr. Environ Pollut 66:361–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunschon-Harti S, Fangmeier A, Jager HJ (1995a) Influence of ozone and ethylenediurea (EDU) on growth and yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in open-top field chambers. Environ Pollut 90:89–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunschon-Harti S, Fangmeier A, Jager HJ (1995b) Effects of ethylenediurea and ozone on the antioxidative systems in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Environ Pollut 90:95–103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkey KO (1999) Effects of ozone on apoplast/cytoplasm partitioning of ascorbic acid in snap bean. Physiol Plant 107:188–193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkey KO, Eason G, Fiscus EL (2003) Factors that affect leaf extracellular ascorbic acid content and redox status. Physiol Plant 117:51–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvo E, Calvo I, Jimenez A, Porcuna JL, Sanz MJ (2009) Using manure to compensate ozone-induced yield loss in potato plants cultivated in the east of Spain. Agric Ecosys Environ 131:185–192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carnahan JE, Jenner EL, Wat EKW (1978) Prevention of ozone injury in plants by a new protective chemical. Phytopathology 68:1225–1229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco-Rodriguez JL, Asensi-Fabado A, Del Valle-Tascon S (2005) Effects of tropospheric ozone on potato plants protected by the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA). Water Air Soil Pollut 161:299–312

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castagna A, Ranieri A (2009) Detoxification and repair process of ozone injury: from ozone uptake to gene expression adjustment. Environ Pollut 157:1461–1469

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castagna A, Nali C, Ciompi S, Lorenzini G, Soldatini GF, Ranieri A (2001) Ozone exposure affects photosynthesis of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) plants. New Phytol 152:223–229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo FJ, Greppin H (1988) Extracellular ascorbic acid and enzyme activities related to ascorbic acid metabolism in Sedum album L. leaves after ozone exposure. Environ Exp Bot 28:231–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cathey HM, Heggestad HE (1982a) Ozone and sulphur dioxide sensitivity of Petunia: modification by ethylene diurea. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 107:1028–1035

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cathey HM, Heggestad HE (1982b) Ozone sensitivity of herbaceous plants: modification by ethylene diurea. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 107:1035–1042

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cathey HM, Heggestad HE (1982c) Ozone sensitivity of woody plants: modification by ethylenediurea. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 107:1042–1045

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chameides WL (1989) The chemistry of ozone deposition by plant leaves: role of ascorbic acid. Environ Sci Tech 23:595–600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary N, Agrawal SB (2013) Intraspecific responses of six Indian clover cultivars under ambient and elevated levels of ozone. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:5318–5329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chernikova T, Robinson JM, Lee EH, Mulchi CL (2000) Ozone tolerance and antioxidant enzyme activity in soybean cultivars. Photosyn Res 64:15–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke BB, Henninger MR, Brennan EG (1983) An assessment of potato losses caused by oxidant air pollution in New Jersey. Phytopathol 73:104–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke BB, Greenhalgh-weidman B, Brennan EG (1990) An assessment of the impact of ambient ozone on field-grown crops in New Jersey using the EDU method: Part I-white potato (Solanum tuberosum). Environ Pollut 66:351–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Contran N, Paoletti E, Manning WJ, Tagliaferro F (2009) Ozone sensitivity and ethylenediurea protection in ash trees assessed by JIP chlorophyll a fluorescence transient analysis. Photosynthetica 47:68–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damicone JP (1985) Growth, yield and foliar injury response of early maturing soybean genotypes to ozone and Fusarium oxosporum, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

    Google Scholar 

  • Dass HC, Weaver GM (1968) Modification of ozone damage to Phaseolus vulgaris by antioxidants, thiols and sulphydryl reagents. Can J Plant Sci 48:569–574

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Temmerman L, Legrand L, Vandermeiren GK (2007) Effects of ozone on sugar beet grown in open-top chambers. Eur J Agric 26:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Degl’Innocenti E, Vaccà C, Guidi L, Soldatini GF (2003) CO2 photoassimilation and chlorophyll fluorescence in two clover species showing different response to O3. Plant Physiol Biochem 41:485–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Diara C, Castagna A, Baldan B, Mensuali Sodi A, Sahr T, Langebartels C, Sebastiani L, Ranieri A (2005) Differences in the kinetics and scale of signaling molecule production modulate the ozone sensitivity of hybrid poplar clones: the roles of H2O2, ethylene and salicylic acid. New Phytol 168:351–364

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Didyk NP, Blum OB (2011) Natural antioxidants of plant origin against ozone damage of sensitive crop. Acta Physiol Plant 33:25–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dizengremel P, Le Thiec D, Bagard M, Jolivet Y (2008) Ozone risk assessment for plants: central role of metabolism-dependant changes in reducing power. Environ Pollut 156:11–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drolet G, Dumbroff EB, Legge RL, Thompson JE (1986) Radical scavenging properties of polyamines. Phytochemistry 25:367–371

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt NA, Pell EJ (1996) Effects of ethylenediurea (EDU) on ozone-induced acceleration of foliar senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Environ Pollut 92:299–306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elagoz V, Manning WJ (2002) Ozone and bean plants: morphology matters. Environ Pollut 120:521–524

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ensing J, Hofstra G, Roy RC (1985) The impact of ozone on peanut exposed in the laboratory and field. Phytopathology 75:429–432

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Z, Jin M, Zhang F (2003) Effects of ground-level ozone (O3) pollution on the yield of rice and winter wheat in the Yangtze River delta. J Environ Sci 15:360–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Z, Kobayashi K, Ainsworth EA (2008) Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth, physiology and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) a meta-analysis. Global Change Biol 14:2696–2708

    Google Scholar 

  • Feng Z, Wang S, Szantoi Z, Chen S, Wang X (2010) Protection of plants from ambient ozone by applications of ethylenediurea (EDU): a meta-analytic review. Environ Pollut 158:3236–3242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fieldhouse DJ (1978) Chemical control of ozone damage on watermelon. HortiScience 13:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN Jr (1997) Tropospheric air pollution: ozone, air borne toxics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particles. Science 276:1045–1052

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnan JM, Jones MB, Burke JI (1996) A time-concentration study on the effects of ozone on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) effects on yield. Agric Ecosys Environ 57:159–167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher RA, Adedipe NO, Ormrod DP (1972) Abscisic acid protects beans leaves from ozone-induced phytotoxity. Can J Bot 50:2389–2391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flowers MD, Fiscus EL, Burkey KO, Booker FL, Dubois JJB (2007) Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and yield of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes differing in sensitivity to ozone. Environ Exp Bot 61:190–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T, Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywood J, Lean J, Lowe DC, Myhre G, Nganga J, Prinn R, Raga G, Schulz M, Van Dorland R (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change: the physical science basis contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster KW, Guerard JP, Oshima RJ, Bishop JC, Timm H (1983) Differential ozone susceptibility of Centennial Russet and White Rose potato as determined by fumigation and antioxidant treatments. Am Potato J 60:127–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freebairn HT (1960) The prevention of air pollution damage to plants by the use of vitamin C sprays. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 10:314–317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freebairn HT, Taylor OC (1960) Prevention of plant damage from air-borne oxidizing agents. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 76:693–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrer J, Grandjean A, Grimm W, Tschannen W, Shariat-Madari H (1992) The response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to ozone at higher elevations. II. Changes in yield, yield components, and grain quality in response to ozone flux. New Phytol 121:211–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fumagalli I, Mignanego L, Violini G (1997) Effects of tropospheric ozone on white clover plants exposed in open-top chambers or protected by the antioxidant ethylene-diurea (EDU). Agronomie 17:271–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Fumagalli I, Mignanego L, Mills G (2003) Ozone biomonitoring with clover clones: yield loss and carryover effect under high ambient ozone levels in northern Italy. Agri Ecosys Environ 95:119–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatta L, Mancino L, Federico R (1997) Translocation and persistence of EDU (ethylenediurea) in plants: the relationship with its role in ozone damage. Environ Pollut 96:445–448

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerosa G, Marzuoli R, Rossini M, Panigada C, Meroni M, Colombo R, Faoro F, Iriti M (2009) A flux-based assessment of the effects of ozone on foliar injury, photosynthesis and yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Borlotto Nano Lingua di Fuoco) in open-top chambers. Environ Pollut 157:1727–1736

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert MD, Maylin GA, Elfving DC, Edgerton LJ, Gutenmann WH, Lisk DJ (1975) The use of diphenylamine to protect plants against ozone injury. Hortic Sci 10:228–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie C, Bermejo V, Cardoso-Vilhena J, Pearson S, Ollerenshaw J, Barnes J (1998) Mechanism underlying EDU-induced ozone resistance. In: De Kok, L.J., Stulen, I. (eds.), Responses to plants to air pollution. Backhuys, Leiden, pp 309–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godzik B, Manning WJ (1998) Relative effectiveness of ethylenediurea, and constituent amounts of urea and phenylurea in ethylenediurea, in prevention of ozone injury to tobacco. Environ Pollut 103:1–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh B, Brennan E, Leone I (1987) Evidence in support of the use of EDU (ethylenediurea) to assess ozone-induced plant injury. Phytopathology 77:1761–1772

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidi L, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Filippi F, Soldatini GF (2001) Effect of chronic ozone fumigation on the photosynthesis process of poplar clones showing different sensitivity. Environ Pollut 113:245–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan IA (2006) Physiology and biochemical response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kara) to O3 and antioxidant chemicals: possible roles of antioxidant enzymes. Ann Appl Biol 148:197–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan IA, Tewfik I (2006) CO2 photoassimilation, chlorophyll fluorescence, lipid peroxidation and yield in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv Giza 65) in response to O3. World Rev Sci Technol Sust Dev 3:70–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassan IA, Ashmore MR, Bell JNB (1995) Effect of ozone on radish and turnip under Egyptian field conditions. Environ Pollut 89:107–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan IA, Bell JNB, Marshall FM (2007) Effects of air filtration on Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L. cv. Messkawy) grown in open-top chambers in a rural site in Egypt. Res J Biol Sci 2:395–402

    Google Scholar 

  • He X, Ruan Y, Chen W, Lu T (2006) Responses of the anti-oxidative system in leaves of Ginkgo biloba to elevated ozone concentration in an urban area. Bot Stud 4:409–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Heagle AS (1989) Ozone and crop yield. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27:397–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heggestad HE (1988) Reduction in soybean seed yields by ozone air pollution. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 38:1040–1041

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstra G, Littlejohns DA, Wukasch RT (1978) The efficacy of the antioxidant Ethylenediurea (EDU) compared to carboxin and benomyl in reducing yield losses from ozone in navy bean. Plant Dis Rep 62:350–352

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstra G, Wukasch RT, Drexier DM (1983) Ozone injury on potato foliage as influenced by the antioxidant EDU and sulphur dioxide. Can J Plant Pathol 5:115–119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland M, Kinghorn S, Emberson L, Cinderby S, Ashmore M, Mills G, Harmens H, (2006) Development of a framework for probabilistic assessment of the economic losses caused by ozone damage to crops in Europe. CES Project No. C02309NEW. Report to UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs under contract 1/2/170 1/3/205

    Google Scholar 

  • Iqbal M, Abdin M, Mahmooduzzafar Z, Yunus M, Agrawal M (1996) Resistance mechanisms in plants against air pollution. In: Iqbal M, Yunus M (eds) Plant response to air pollution. Wiley, New York, pp 195–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii S, Marshall FM, Bell JNB, Abdullah AM (2004) Impact of ambient air pollution on locally grown rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) in Malaysia. Water Air Soil Pollut 154:187–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez A, Hernandez JA, Pastori G, Del Rio LA, Sevilla F (1998) Role of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle of mitochondria and peroxisomes in the senescence of pea leaves. Plant Physiol 118:1327–1335

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kangasjärvi J, Jaspers P, Kollist H (2005) Signalling and cell death in ozone-exposed plants. Plant Cell Environ 28:1021–1036

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerstein G, Lendzian KJ (1989) Interaction between ozone and plant cuticles. I. Ozone deposition and permeability. New Phytol 112:1989–2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Koiwai A, Kitano H, Fukuda M, Kisaki T (1974) Methylenedioxyphenyl and its related compounds as protectants against ozone injury to plants. Agric Biol Chem 38:301–307

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kollner B, Krause GHM (2000) Changes in carbohydrates, leaf pigments and yield in potatoes induced by different ozone exposure regimes. Agric Ecosys Environ 78:149–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostka-Rick R, Manning WJ (1992) Effects and interactions of ozone and the anti-ozonant EDU at different stages of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) development. J Exp Bot 43:1621–1631

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostka-Rick R, Manning WJ (1993a) Dynamics of growth and biomass partitioning in field grown bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) treated with the antiozonant Ethylenediurea (EDU). Agric Ecosys Environ 47:195–214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostka-Rick R, Manning WJ (1993b) Dose-response studies with ethylenediurea (EDU) and radish. Environ Pollut 79:249–260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostka Rick R, Manning WJ (1993c) Dose response studies with the antizonant etylenedurea (EDU) applied as a soil drench to two growth substrates, on greenhouse-grown varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Environ Pollut 82:63–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuehler EA, Flagler RB (1999) The effects of sodium erythorbate and ethylenediurea on photosynthetic function of ozone-exposed loblolly pine seedlings. Environ Pollut 105:25–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurchii BA (2000) Possible free radical mechanism of action of auxin and kinetin In: 12th congress of the Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology, 21–25 Aug 2000, Budapest. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 38, Abstract S08-39, p 91

    Google Scholar 

  • Laisk A, Kull O, Moldau H (1989) Ozone concentration in leaf intercellular air spaces is close to zero. Plant Physiol 90:1163–1167

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson RA (1988) The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 27:969–978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EH, Bennett JH (1982) Superoxide dismutase: a possible protective enzyme against O3 injury in snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Physiol 69:1444–1449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EH, Chen CM (1982) Studies on the mechanisms of ozone tolerance. Cytokinin like activity of N [2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N-phenylurea, a compound protecting against O3 injury. Physiol Plant 56:486–491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EH, Bennett JH, Heggestad HE (1981) Retardation of senescence in red clover leaf discs by a new antiozonant EDU, N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N′-phenylurea. Plant Physiol 67:347–350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EH, Rowland RA, Mulchi CL (1990) Growth regulators serve as a research tool to study the mechanism of plant response to air pollution stimuli. Br Soc Plant Growth Regul Monogr 20:127–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EH, Kramer GF, Rowland RA, Agrawal M (1992) Antioxidants and growth regulators counter the effects of O3 and SO2 in crop plants. Agric Ecosys Environ 38:99–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EH, Upadhyay A, Agrawal M, Rowland RA (1997) Mechanism of ethylenediurea (EDU) induced ozone protection: Re-examination of free radical scavenger systems in snap bean exposed to O3. Environ Exp Bot 38:199–209

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legassicke BC, Ormrod DP (1981) Suppression of ozone-injury on tomatoes by ethylenediurea in controlled environments and in the field. Hortic Sci 16:183–184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenka S, Lenka NK (2012) Impact of tropospheric ozone on agroecosystem: an assessment. J Agric Phys 12:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisk DJ (1975) Protecting plants against injury from air pollution. N Y Food Life Sci 8:3–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzini G, Saitanis C (2003) Ozone: a novel plant “pathogen”. In Toppi LSD, Pawlik-Skowronska B (Eds.), Abiotic stress in plants, Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht pp 205-229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macher F, Wasescha M (1995) Damage by ozone and protection by ascorbic acid in barley leaves. J Plant Physiol 147:469–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ (1988) EDU: A research tool for assessment of the effects of ozone on vegetation. In: Proceedings of the 81st Air pollution control association annual meeting paper No. 88–92, 2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ (1992) Assessing the effects of ozone on plants: Use and misuse of ethylenediurea (EDU). In: Proceedings of the 85th Annual meeting and exhibition on air and waste management association 11 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ (1995) Use of protective chemicals to assess the effects of ambient ozone on vegetation. Proceedings of the 88th Annual meeting of the air & waste management association 12 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ (2005) Establishing a cause and effect relationship for ambient ozone exposure and tree growth in the forest: progress and an experimental approach. Environ Pollut 137:443–454

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Vardaro PM (1973a) Suppression of oxidant injury on beans by systemic fungicides. Phytopathology 63:1415–1416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Vardaro PM (1973b) Suppression of oxidant air pollution injury on bean plants by systemic fungicides under field conditions. Phytopathology 63:204

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Feder WA, Papia PM (1972) Influence of long-term low levels of ozone and benomyl on growth and nodulation of pinto bean plants. Phytopathology 62:497

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Feder WA, Vardaro PM (1973a) Reduction of chronic ozone injury on poinsettia by benomyl. Can J Plant Sci 53:833–835

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Feder WA, Vardaro PM (1973b) Benomyl in soil and response of pinto bean plants to repeated exposures to a low level of ozone. Phytopathology 63:1539–1540

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Feder WA, Vardaro PM (1973c) Suppression of oxidant injury by benomyl: Effects on yields of bean cultivars in the field. J Environ Qual 3:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Flagler RB, Frenkel MA (2003) Assessing plant response to ambient ozone: growth of ozone-sensitive loblolly pine seedlings treated with ethylene diurea or sodium erythorbate. Environ Pollut 126:73–81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning WJ, Paoletti E, Sandermann H Jr, Ernst D (2011) Ethylenediurea (EDU): a research too, for assessment and verification of the effects of ground level ozone on plants under natural condition. Environ Pollut 159:3283–3293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield AT, Pearson M (1996) Disturbance in stomatal behaviour in plants exposed to air pollution. In: Iqbal M, Yunus M (eds) Plant response to air pollution. Wiley, Chichester, pp 178–193

    Google Scholar 

  • McClenahen JR (1979) Effects of ethylenediurea and ozone on the growth of tree seedlings. Plant Dis Rep 63:320–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer U, Kollner B, Willenbrink J, Krause GHM (2000) Effects of different ozone exposure regimes on photosynthesis, assimilates and thousand grain weight in spring wheat. Agric Ecosys Environ 78:49–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton JT, Kendrick JB, Darley EF (1953) Olefinic peroxide injury to bean as influenced by age, variety, chemical additions and toxicant dosage. Phytopathology 43:588

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller JE, Pursley WA, Heagle AS (1994) Effects of ethylenediurea on snap bean at a range of ozone concentrations. J Environ Qual 23:1082–1089

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra AK, Rai R, Agrawal SB (2013a) Differential response of dwarf and tall tropical wheat cultivars to elevated ozone with and without carbon dioxide enrichment: growth, yield and grain quality. Field Crops Res 145:21–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra AK, Rai R, Agrawal SB (2013b) Individual and interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on tropical wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with special emphasis on ROS generation and activation of antioxidant defence system. Ind J Biochem Bio 50:139–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan PB, Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2003) How does elevated ozone impact soybean? A meta-analysis of photosynthesis, growth and yield. Plant Cell Environ 26:1317–1328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noctor G, Foyer CH (1998) Ascorbate and glutathione: Keeping active oxygen under control. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:249–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ollerenshaw JH, Lyons T (1999) Impacts of ozone on the growth and yield of field grown winter wheat. Environ Pollut 106:67–72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ollerenshaw JH, Lyons T, Barnes JD (1999) Impacts of ozone on growth and yield of field grown oilseed rape. Environ Pollut 104:53–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang J, Kobayashi K, Zhu J (2009) Yield and photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves in Chinese rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties subjected to free-air release of ozone. Agric Ecosys Environ 132:203–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti E, Grulke NE (2005) Does living in elevated CO2 ameliorate tree response to ozone? A review on stomatal responses. Environ Pollut 137:483–493

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti E, Contran N, Manning WJ (2007) Ethylenediurea (EDU) affects the growth of ozone-sensitive and tolerant Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees under ambient O3 conditions. Scientific World J 7:128–133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti E, Contran N, Manning WJ, Castagna A, Ranieri A, Tagliaferro F (2008) Protection of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees from ozone injury by ethylenediurea (EDU): roles of biochemical changes and decreased stomatal conductance in enhancement of growth. Environ Pollut 155:464–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti E, Contran N, Manning WJ, Ferrara AM (2009) Use of antiozonant ethylenediurea (EDU) in Italy: verification of the effects of ambient ozone on crop plants and trees and investigation of EDU’s mode of action. Environ Pollut 157:1453–1460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papple DJ, Ormrod DP (1977) Comparative efficacy of ozone-injury suppression by benomyl and carboxin on turfgrass. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 102:792–796

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park JI, Grant CM, Davies MJ, Dawes IW (1998) The cytoplasmic Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for resistance to freeze-thaw stress Generation of free radicals during freezing and thawing. J Biol Chem 273:22921–22928

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasqualini S, Antonielli H, Ederli L, Piccioni C, Loreto F (2002) Ozone uptake and its effect on photosynthetic parameters of two tobacco cultivars with contrasting ozone sensitivity. Plant Physiol Biochem 40:599–603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pauls KP, Thopson JE (1982) Effects of cytokinins and antioxidants on the susceptibility of membranes to ozone damage. Plant Cell Physiol 23:821–832

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pell EJ (1976) Influence of benomyl soil treatment on pinto bean plants exposed to peroxyacetyl nitrate and ozone. Phytopathology 66:6

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellinen R, Palva T, Kangasjarvi J (1999) Subcellular localization of ozone-induced hydrogen peroxide production in birch (Betula pendula) leaf cells. Plant J 20:349–356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson K, Danielsson H, Sellden G, Pleijel H (2003) The effects of tropospheric ozone and elevated carbon dioxide on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.cv Bintje) growth and yield. Sci Total Environ 310:191–201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piikki K, Sellden G, Pleijel H (2004) The impact of tropospheric O3 on leaf number duration and tuber yield of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Bintje and Kardal. Agric Ecosys Environ 104:483–492

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitcher LH, Brennan E, Zilinskas BA (1992) The antiozonant ethylenediurea does not act via superoxide dismutase induction in bean. Plant Physiol 99:1388–1392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pleijel H, Norberg A, Sellden G, Skarby L (1999) Tropospheric ozone decreases biomass production in radish plants (Raphanus sativus) grown in rural south-west Sweden. Environ Pollut 106:143–147

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polle A, Wieser G, Havranek WM (1995) Quantification of ozone influx and apoplastic ascorbate content in needles of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L., Karst.) at high altitude. Plant. Cell Environ 18:681–688

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postiglione L, Fagnano M (1995) Ozone injury and ethylenediurea: first results on different species in the Campania region. Agric Medit Sp Vol. (Proc) 109-118

    Google Scholar 

  • Rai R, Agrawal M (2008) Evaluation of physiology and biochemical responses of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to ambient air pollution using open top chambers at a rural site in India. Sci Total Environ 407:679–691

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai R, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB (2007) Assessment of yield losses in tropical wheat using open top chambers. Atmos Environ 41:9543–9554

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao MV, Davis KR (1999) Ozone-induced cell death occurs via two distinct mechanisms in Arabidopsis: the role of salicylic acid. Plant J 17:603–614

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regner-Joosten K, Manderscheid R, Bergmann E, Bahadir M, Weigel HJ (1994) An HPLC method to study the uptake and partitioning of the antiozonant EDU in bean plants. Angew Botanik 68:151–155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid CD, Fiscus EL (2008) Ozone and density affect the response of biomass and seed yield to elevated CO2 in rice. Global Change Biol 14:60–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinert RA, Spurr HW (1972) Differential effect of fungicides on ozone injury and brown spot disease of tobacco. J Environ Qual 1:450–452

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribas A, Penuelas J (2000) Effects of ethylenediurea as a protective antiozonant on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv Lit) exposed to different tropospheric ozone doses in Catalonia (NE Spain). Water Air Soil Pollut 117:263–271

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich S, Ames R, Zukel JW (1974) 1,4-Oxathiin derivatives protect plants against ozone. Plant Dis Rep 58:162–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts BR, Wilson LR, Cascino JJ, Smith GP (1987) Autoradiographic studies of ethylenediurea distribution in woody plants. Environ Pollut 45:81–86

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JM, Britz SJ (2000) Tolerance of a field grown cultivar to ozone level is concurrent with higher leaflet ascorbic acid level, higher ascorbate-dehydroascorbate redox status, and long term photosynthetic productivity. Photosyn Res 64:77–87

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JM, Britz SJ (2001) Ascorbate-dehydroascorbate level and redox status in leaflets of field-grown soybeans exposed to elevated ozone. Int J Plant Sci 162:119–125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez MCS, Petersen M, Mundy J (2010) Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:621–649

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Runeckles VC, Resh HM (1975) Effects of cytokinins on responses of bean leaves to chronic ozone treatment. Atmos Environ 9:749–753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar A, Agrawal SB (2010a) Identification of ozone stress in Indian rice through foliar injury and differential protein profile. Environ Monit Assess 161:205–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar A, Agrawal SB (2010b) Elevated ozone and two modern wheat cultivars: an assessment of dose dependent sensitivity with respect to growth, reproductive and yield parameters. Environ Exp Bot 69:328–337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scandalios JG, Guan L, Polidoros AN (1997) Catalase in plants: gene structure, properties, regulation and expression. In: Scandalios JG (ed) Oxidative stress and molecular biology of antioxidant defenses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp 343–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenone G, Lorenzini G (1992) Effects of regional air pollution on crops in Italy. Agric Ecosys Environ 38:51–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serbinova EA, Packer L (1994) Antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol and α tocotrienol. Methods Enzymol 234:354–366

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi G, Yang L, Wang Y, Kobayashi K, Zhu J (2009) Impact of elevated ozone concentration on yield of four Chinese rice cultivars under fully open-air field conditions. Agric Ecosys Environ 131:178–184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel SM (1962) Protection of plants against airborne oxidants: cucumber seedlings at extreme ozone levels. Plant Physiol 37:261–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Agrawal SB (2009) Use of ethylenediurea (EDU) in assessing the impact of ozone on growth and productivity of five cultivars of Indian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Environ Monit Assess 159:125–141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Agrawal SB (2010) Impact of tropospheric ozone on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the eastern Gangetic plains of India as assessed by ethylenediurea (EDU) application during different developmental stages. Agric Ecosys Environ 138:214–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Agrawal SB (2011) Cultivar specific response of soybean (Glycine max. L) to ambient and elevated concentrations of ozone under open top chamber. Water Air Soil Pollut 217:283–302

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh P, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB (2009a) Evaluation of physiological, growth and yield responses of a tropical oil crop (Brassica campestris L. var. Kranti) under ambient ozone pollution at varying NPK levels. Environ Pollut 157:871–880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M (2009b) Differential protection of ethylenediurea against ambient ozone for five cultivars of tropical wheat. Environ Pollut 157:2359–2367

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh E, Tiwari S, Agrawal M (2010a) Variability in antioxidant and metabolite levels, growth and yield of two soybean varieties: an assessment of anticipated yield losses under projected elevation of ozone. Agric Ecosys Environ 135:168–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB, Emberson L, Büker P (2010b) Use of ethylenediurea for assessing the impact of ozone on mungbean plants at a rural site in a dry tropical region of India. Int J Environ Waste Manage 5:125–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Agrawal SB, Singh P, Agrawal M (2010c) Screening three cultivars of Vigna mungo L. against ozone by application of ethylenediurea (EDU). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:1765–1775

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Kaur D, Agrawal SB, Agrawal M (2010d) Responses of two cultivars of Trifolium repens L. to ethylenediurea (EDU) in relation to ambient ozone. J Environ Sci 22:1096–1103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AA, Agrawal SB, Shahi JP, Agrawal M (2014) Assessment of growth and yield losses in two Zea mays L. cultivars (quality protein maize and non quality protein maize) under projected levels of ozone. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(4):2628–41. doi:10.1007/S11356-013-2188-6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnoff N (2000) Ascorbate biosynthesis and function in photoprotection. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 355:1455–1464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith G, Greenhalgh B, Brennan E, Justin J (1987) Soybean yield in New Jersey relative to ozone pollution and antioxidant application. Plant Dis Rep 71:121–125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staehelin J, Poberaj CS (2008) Long term tropospheric ozone trends: a critical review. Adv Global Change Res 33:271–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Szantoi Z, Chappelka AH, Muntifering RB, Somers GL (2009) Cutleaf coneflower (Rubeckia laciniata L.) response to ozone and ethylenediurea (EDU). Environ Pollut 157:840–846

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GS, Rich S (1974) Ozone injury to tobacco in the field influenced by soil treatment with benomyl and carboxin. Phytopathology 64:814–817

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Temple PJ, Bisessar S (1979) Response of white bean to bacterial blight, ozone, and antioxidant protection in the field. Phytopathology 69:101–103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson AM (1992) The oxidizing capacity of the Earth’s atmosphere. Probable past and future changes. Science 256:1157–1165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari S, Agrawal M (2009) Protection of palak (Beta vulgaris L. var. All green) plants from ozone injury by ethylenediurea (EDU): Roles of biochemical and physiological variations in alleviating the adverse impacts. Chemosphere 75:1492–1499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari S, Agrawal M (2010) Effectiveness of different EDU concentrations in ameliorating ozone stress in carrot plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:1018–1027

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari S, Agrawal M, Manning WJ (2005) Assessing the effects of ambient ozone on growth and productivity of two cultivars of wheat in India using three rates of application of ethylenediurea (EDU). Environ Pollut 138:153–160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari S, Agrawal M, Marshall FM (2006) Evaluation of air pollution impact on carrot plants at a suburban site using open top chambers. Environ Monit Assess 119:15–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toivonen PMA, Hofstra G, Wukasch RY (1982) Assessment of yield losses in white bean due to ozone using antioxidant EDU. Can J Plant Pathol 4:381–386

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi R, Agrawal SB (2012) Effects of ambient and elevated level of ozone on Brassica campestris L. with special reference to yield and oil quality parameters. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 85:1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi R, Agrawal SB (2013) Interactive effect of supplemental ultraviolet-B and elevated ozone on seed yield and oil quality of two cultivars of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) carried out in open top chambers. J Sci Food Agric 93:1016–1025

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unsworth MH, Lesser VM, Heagle AS (1984) Radiation interception and the growth of soybeans exposed to ozone in open-top field chambers. J Appl Ecol 21:1059–1077

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeiren K, De Temmerman L, Hookham N (1995) Ozone sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris in relation to cultivar differences, growth stage and growing conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut 85:1455–1460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varshney CK, Rout C (1998) Ethylenediurea (EDU) protection against ozone injury in Tomato plants in Delhi. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 61:188–193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verbeke P, Siboska GE, Clark BFC, Rattan SIS (2000) Kinetin inhibits protein oxidation and glycoxidation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 276:1265–1270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A (2006a) Productivity losses in barley attributable to ambient atmospheric pollutants in Pakistan. Atmos Environ 40:5342–5354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A (2006b) Influence of atmospheric pollutants on agriculture in developing countries: a case study with three new wheat varieties in Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 371:304–313

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A, Maggs R, Shamshi SRA, Bell JNB, Ashmore MR (1995) Air pollution and its impact on rice yield in Pakistan Punjab. Environ Pollut 90:323–329

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A, Milne E, Shamshi SR, Ashmore MR, Marshall FM (2001) Effects of oxidants on soybean growth and yield in the Pakistan Punjab. Environ Pollut 113:271–280

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahid A, Sheikh SA, Zhao Y, Bell JNB (2012) Evaluation of ambient air pollution effects on three cultivars of seasame (Sesamum indicum L.) by using ethlylenediurea. Pak J Bot 44:99–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker JT, Barlow JC (1974) Response of indicator plants to ozone levels in Georgia. Phytopathol 64:1122–1127

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Mauzerall D (2004) Characterizing distributions of surface ozone and its impact on grain production in China, Japan and South Korea: 1990 and 2020. Atmos Environ 38:4383–4402

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zheng Q, Yao F, Chen Z, Feng Z, Manning WJ (2007) Assessing the impact of ambient ozone on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar grown in the Yangtze delta, China, using three rates of application of ethylenediurea (EDU). Environ Pollut 148:390–395

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidensaul TC (1980) N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl) ethyl-]-N′-phenylyurea as a protectant against ozone injury to laboratory fumigated pinto bean plants. Phytopathology 70:42–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker BD, Lee EH, Rowland RA (1990) EDU and O3 production: foliar glycerolipids and steryl lipids in snap bean exposed to O3. Physiol Plant 80:286–293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willekens H, Inzé D, Van Montagu M, Van Camp W (1995) Catalases in plants. Mol Breed 1:207–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlgemuth H, Mittelstrass K, Kschieschan S, Bender J, Weigel HJ, Overmyer K, Kangasjarvi J, Sandermann H, Langebartels C (2002) Activation of an oxidative burst is a general feature of sensitive plants exposed to the air pollutant ozone. Plant Cell Environ 25:717–726

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Tiedemann AV (2002) Impact of fungicides on active oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) exposed to ozone. Environ Pollut 116:37–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wukasch RT, Hofstra G (1977) Ozone and Botrytis interactions in onion-leaf dieback: open-top chamber studies. Phytopathology 67(9):1080–1084

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Lyons T, Ollerenshaw JH, Barnes JD (2000) Ascorbate in the leaf apoplast is a factor mediating ozone resistance in Plantago major. Plant Physiol Biochem 38:403–411

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zouzoulas D, Koutroubas SD, Vassiliou G, Vardavakis E (2009) Effects of ozone fumigation on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) morphology, anatomy, physiology, yield and qualitative characteristics of fibers. Environ Exp Bot 67:293–303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Botany for facilities and funding agencies Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), University Grants Commission (UGC), Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), Government of India for providing the financial help. Authors would also like to thank the researchers who helped us indirectly by providing their significant research work on ozone and EDU.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lab of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Ecology Research Circle, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India

    Aditya Abha Singh, Shalini Singh, Madhoolika Agrawal & Shashi Bhushan Agrawal

Authors
  1. Aditya Abha Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shalini Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Madhoolika Agrawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shashi Bhushan Agrawal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Summerfield, North Carolina, USA

    David M. Whitacre

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Singh, A.A., Singh, S., Agrawal, M., Agrawal, S.B. (2015). Assessment of Ethylene Diurea-Induced Protection in Plants Against Ozone Phytotoxicity. In: Whitacre, D. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 233. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 233. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation