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Phytoremediation and Environmental Factors

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Phytoremediation

Abstract

Phytoremediation includes a range of plant-based remediation techniques such as phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytoimmobilization, rhizofiltration, and phytovolatilization focused on reduction of the environment pollution level. The efficiency of the techniques—regarding the type of pollution—depends on numerous environmental factors. Some of them are described in this chapter. Proper plant growth is not possible without access to water, which determines transport of numerous substances and compounds important in the life of plants. Stress associated with water availability leads to disruption of water potential gradients, loss of turgor, disruption of membrane integrity, and denaturation of proteins. Soil—being a very complex medium—is the most important environmental factor in the growth and development of plant life. Many of the soil components and parameters have an essential influence on the effectiveness of the phytoremediation process. Metals are not degraded by chemical or microbial processes and in consequence are accumulated in soils and aquatic sediments. During phytoremediation, plants may transport trace elements and bind them in their cell walls, chelate them in the soil in inactive forms using secreted organic compounds, or complex them in their tissue after transporting them into specialized cells and cell compartments. Availability for plants of trace elements contaminating the environment depends on the pH value, a very important factor in the form of their occurrence. Rhizospheric microorganisms (mainly bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi) may significantly increase the bioavailability of trace metals in soil, and significantly affect phytoremediation, as described in detail in this chapter. An important factor in trace elements’ availability in the soil environment, apart from bacteria, is the effect of fungi—organisms closely involved in the carbon cycle in nature. The increasing salinity of soil worldwide reduces growth of plants because it is a stress factor strongly influencing plants. Moreover, earthworms have a direct impact on the cycle and metabolism of nutrients, which has a significant effect on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil and—as a consequence—influence the techniques described in this chapter.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support for this chapter by project grants N R12 0065 10, from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland

    Zuzanna Magdziak, Monika Gąsecka, Piotr Goliński & Mirosław Mleczek Ph.D.

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  1. Zuzanna Magdziak
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  1. Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Abid A. Ansari

  2. Centre for Biotechnology, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    Sarvajeet Singh Gill

  3. Centre for Biotechnology, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

    Ritu Gill

  4. Aquatic Ecology and Microbiology, Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Guy R. Lanza

  5. Biotechnology and Phytoremediation, Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY - College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Lee Newman

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Magdziak, Z., Gąsecka, M., Goliński, P., Mleczek, M. (2015). Phytoremediation and Environmental Factors. In: Ansari, A., Gill, S., Gill, R., Lanza, G., Newman, L. (eds) Phytoremediation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10395-2_4

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