Abstract
This chapter explains in detail the methodology and provides a neutral vocabulary thus setting the framework for the creation of the abstracted model of the conveyancing process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Zweigert and Kötz (1998).
- 2.
Zweigert and Kötz (1998), p. 54.
- 3.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
- 4.
World Trade Organisation.
- 5.
United Nations.
- 6.
International Monetary Fund.
- 7.
Zweigert and Kötz (1998), p. 34.
- 8.
In his commentary European contract law.
- 9.
Teubner (1998), pp. 12–13.
- 10.
Teubner (1998), p. 12.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
Legrand (1997), p. 114.
- 14.
- 15.
Meadows and Griffin (2007), p. 5.
- 16.
Lepaulle (1921–1922), p. 858.
- 17.
Sen (2009), p. 155.
- 18.
Sen (2009), pp. 161 and 169.
- 19.
Chodosh (1998–1999), p. 1056.
- 20.
Legrand (1997), p. 124.
- 21.
Legrand (1997), pp. 114–115.
- 22.
Van Erp (2003b).
- 23.
Ferlan et al. (2007), p. 28.
- 24.
Van Erp (2002).
- 25.
Akhtar (2014), pp. 106–122.
- 26.
Dale et al. (2006), p. 3.
- 27.
Clancy (2007), p. 11.
- 28.
Rätsep (2008), p. 3 provides a simple explanation of the conveyancing procedure in Estonia.
- 29.
See Chap. 3 for a detailed examination of the elements required for eConveyancing.
- 30.
Clancy (2007), p. 5.
- 31.
Akhtar (2014), p. 120.
- 32.
Stubkjær distinguishes between the cadastre with its spatial focus and the land register with its legal focus. See Stubkjær (2003), pp. 227–238. The cadastre which exists in Norway and many other west-European countries, once under the command of Napoleon, generally deals with mapping, land use and land values for taxation. Land registration often sits alongside this cadastre. Together they can be defined as the land administration system (LAS). The distinction between cadastral and land registry systems is explored further in Chap. 4.
- 33.
Lemmen et al (2005).
- 34.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2003) sets out a comprehensive thesaurus of terminology.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2004).
- 38.
- 39.
Paasch (2007), p. 168.
- 40.
Zevenbergen et al. (2007), preface.
- 41.
Stubkjær et al. (2007), p. 3.
- 42.
Stubkjær et al. (2007), p. 5.
- 43.
Zweigert and Kötz (1998), p. 10.
- 44.
Paasch (2007), p. 177.
- 45.
- 46.
- 47.
Akhtar (2014), p. 114.
- 48.
- 49.
O’Sullivan (2007), p. 5.
- 50.
Registering the World Conference Dublin (2007).
- 51.
Fifteen jurisdictions were represented including Canada, Ireland, England and Wales, Australia and New Zealand.
- 52.
United Nations Economic and Social Council (2007), p. 4.
- 53.
Paasch (2007), p. 177.
- 54.
O’Sullivan (2007), p. 5.
- 55.
Visser and Schlieder (2003). This book is the opening book for research conducted between 2001 and 2005. The concluding book is Zevenbergen et al. (2007) available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3Ace45bcf6-2cc8-46a3-9305-8526df914887/. See also http://costg9.plan.aau.dk/ for further details of this study and ongoing commentary and research.
- 56.
Visser and Schlieder (2003), p. 111. For an examination of these ontologies see pp. 109–111.
- 57.
Visser and Bench-Capon (1998), p. 32.
- 58.
Visser and Bench-Capon (1998), pp. 53–55.
- 59.
Hage and Verheij (1999), pp. 1043–1077.
- 60.
Hage and Verheij (1999), p. 1043. Signing a sales contract is one of the legal topics modeled. See pp. 1049–1050 and also p. 1054.
- 61.
- 62.
Note that O’Sullivan divided the initial stages into eApplication and eLodgement. See O’Sullivan (2007), p. 5.
- 63.
O’Sullivan (2007), p. 5.
- 64.
O’Connor (2006).
- 65.
The Law Reform Commission (2006), pp. 121–134.
- 66.
The Law Reform Commission (2006), p. 136.
- 67.
Connolly (2007), p. 61.
- 68.
Connolly (2007), p. 56.
- 69.
Killilea (2010), p. 80.
- 70.
Killilea (2010), p. ii and p. 3.
- 71.
Miceli et al. (2002), p. 565.
- 72.
O’Connor (2003), p. 82.
- 73.
O’Connor (2003), p. 81.
- 74.
Conclusive and unimpeachable. See Ruoff (1952), p. 118.
- 75.
Flaws notes that state compensation may only have been introduced to entice lawyers to accept the Torrens system and he references law reform proposals in New South Wales as identifying Malaysia, Sudan, Fiji, West Germany and Austria as jurisdictions where registration systems operate without compensation. See Flaws (2003), p. 400.
- 76.
- 77.
There is no statutory definition in Ireland. In Ontario fraudulent instrument and fraudulent person are defined in section 1 of the Land Titles Act R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER L. 5.
- 78.
A registered owner should not be allowed to refuse to perform contracts he had made and anyone who entered into such a contract should be entitled to claim such relief in law or in equity as a Court may grant. This includes specific performance or enforcement of a trust and may result in the Court ordering the registered owner to part with his title.
- 79.
Neave (1976), p. 173.
- 80.
See Donahue et al. (2003), p. 1 in relation to Ontario.
- 81.
The question arises as to whether this means the state of the legal title or should it reflect the truth on the ground.
- 82.
The danger is that the ‘real’ ownership could be hidden behind this curtain.
- 83.
- 84.
Neave (1976), p. 174.
- 85.
There are three individual land registrars. Interview with Ken Crawford Sr. Legal and Technical Analyst Service Ontario 12 July 2012.
- 86.
- 87.
The United Nations Economic and Social Council (2007), p. 4 notes that the choice between automatic or automated access will often be determined by the nature of the registry guarantee or indemnity.
- 88.
Used as a term of art for vendor in Ireland and hence this is used rather than following the more general England usage of ‘vendor’.
- 89.
See Sect. 5.5 for a more detailed explanation.
- 90.
Used as a term of art for purchaser in Ireland and hence this is used rather than following the more general England usage of ‘purchaser’.
- 91.
See Sect. 5.5 for a more detailed explanation.
- 92.
No. 27 of 2009.
- 93.
In Ontario lenders are not members of the prescribed class given more favourable treatment for the recovery of compensation from the registrar. These aspects are explored more fully in Chap. 7.
- 94.
See Sect. 5.5 for a more detailed explanation.
- 95.
For deeds registration this term would include a conveyance and assignment.
- 96.
Moore and Globe (2003), p. 339.
- 97.
This must be retained in the lawyer’s file as written verification of the clients’ instructions and authority for electronic document registration. See The Law Society of Upper Canada (2002).
- 98.
The Acknowledgement and Direction confirms the client’s approval of the electronic document and authorises the lawyer to sign and register electronically. It also authorises the lawyer to enter into a DRA and close in escrow on behalf of the client. See Moore and Globe (2003), pp. 418–419 for an example of an Acknowledgement and Direction. See also https://www.teranetexpress.ca/content/support/pdf/ADR.pdf.
- 99.
This is in a recommended form published by the Joint Law Society of Upper Canada–Canadian Bar Association Committee on Electronic Registration of Title Documents. See Moore and Globe (2003), pp. 421–422. See also http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/eReg/dramarch04.pdf.
- 100.
eRegistration system in Ontario.
- 101.
Donahue et al. (2003), pp. 267–273.
- 102.
Teraview is the eRegistration software. This software delivers the land registration system under contract from the Ontario Ministry. See Sect. 3.4.2 for more detail.
- 103.
Judgments.
- 104.
The title register in Ontario is called a parcel whereas in Ireland it is referred to as a folio.
- 105.
Donahue et al. (2003), p. 35.
- 106.
In Ireland the contract is referred to as the contract or conditions of sale. In Ontario it is called an agreement of purchase and sale.
- 107.
See Brennan and Casey (2014), pp. 18–29 for examples relevant to Ireland.
- 108.
Brennan and Casey (2014), Appendix 6.1 and see pp. 111–117 for examples of conditions that may be included.
- 109.
Donahue et al. (2003), p. 206 and see Appendix 6 and 7 for examples of Agreements of Purchase and Sale. See also pp. 221–227 for examples of conditions that may be included.
- 110.
Ottens and Stubkjær (2007), p. 151.
- 111.
Gray and Gray (1998), at p. 15 note that property is not a thing but rather a relationship which one has with a thing.
- 112.
Lawson and Rudden (1982), p. 15.
- 113.
Explanatory memorandum Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009, p. 3.
- 114.
Engle (2010), pp. 84–107.
- 115.
Calabresi and Melamed (1972), p. 1090.
- 116.
These interests are examined later in this chapter.
- 117.
Lawson and Rudden (1982), p. 218.
- 118.
Lawson and Rudden (1982), p. 218.
- 119.
Birks (1998), p. 460.
- 120.
Wilsch (2008), p. 6 in referring to the application of the principle.
- 121.
Lawson and Rudden (1982), p. 224.
- 122.
Lawson and Rudden (1982), p. 226.
- 123.
See Sect. 8.5.
- 124.
Van Erp (2003a).
- 125.
- 126.
Pienaar (2008), p. 2.
- 127.
Donahue et al. (2003), p. 2.
- 128.
See Donahue et al. (2003), p. 2. If the patent issued prior to 1 October 1965 a search must be made in the Ministry of Natural Resources and if the lands were reserved as Indian lands then searches must be made elsewhere.
- 129.
Note that one of the guiding principles of this Act as listed in the explanatory memorandum was to facilitate the introduction of an eConveyancing system as soon as possible.
- 130.
Section 9(2).
- 131.
P. 3.
- 132.
Section 9(3)(a)(ii). Other statutory limits on ownership also continue to apply e.g. planning legislation.
- 133.
Lyall (2010), p. 63.
- 134.
Section 10(1).
- 135.
See Battersby (1998).
- 136.
This is a qualified fee simple. It is subject to the possibility that it may end prematurely.
- 137.
The fee simple may be subject to the right of some other person to entry or re-entry. The right of entry will be to take possession temporarily whereas the right of re-entry will be to take permanently. In the case of re-entry the previous owner’s estate or interest will be forfeit.
- 138.
See section 3 of the Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment Act, Ireland 1860 (known as Deasy’s Act).
- 139.
These include a right to light, right of way or a right of support.
- 140.
Such a covenant may require a fence to be erected or may restrict usage.
- 141.
Under section 3 this includes annuities, liens and other charges over land which may be created in favour of others. Examples include the payment of a capital sum or funds to provide an income or the creation of a mortgage or judgment mortgage.
- 142.
This is an interest that can be assigned.
- 143.
Again this is an interest that can be assigned.
- 144.
The holder has the right to go onto someone else’s land and take something natural from it. Examples are the right to cut turf (turbary) and graze animals (pasture).
- 145.
Examples include a public right of way or the right to use parkland.
- 146.
The rent is a charge on the land and arises separate to the relationship of landlord and tenant.
- 147.
The right to entry or re-entry may arise in relation to a freehold or leasehold estate. The right of entry will be temporary whereas the right to re-entry will lead to forfeiture of the previous owner’s estate or interest.
- 148.
Utility companies supplying water, gas and electricity commonly hold these interests.
- 149.
Section 11(4).
- 150.
Section 11(6).
- 151.
Section 11(7).
- 152.
Explanatory memorandum Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009, p. 5.
- 153.
Moore and Globe (2003), p. 2.
- 154.
Including any rights accruing to the local authorities in Ireland or the municipal authorities in Ontario.
- 155.
There is no comparable right in Irish law.
- 156.
There is no comparable right in Irish law.
- 157.
Including any rights accruing to the local authorities in Ireland or the municipal authorities in Ontario or any other public or statutory bodies in both jurisdictions. This includes the right of escheat or forfeiture to the Crown which is still a feature of the Ontario system. In Ireland the notion of escheat was abolished by section 11(3) of the Succession Act 1965.
- 158.
Tenancy usually refers to a short term lease of a residential property. It may be oral or in writing. Lease generally refers to a longer term interest that is set out in writing and it may be of residential or commercial property.
- 159.
Birks notes that the word ‘interests’ is slightly evasive. See Birks (1998), p. 460.
- 160.
See Sect. 5.6.
- 161.
Land Titles Act R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER L. 5.
- 162.
Donahue et al. (2003), p. 27.
- 163.
The 1964 Act has been amended on numerous occasions.
- 164.
No 16 of 1964.
- 165.
This is subject to the consent of the registered owner or an order of the Court.
- 166.
Leases for longer terms must be registered.
- 167.
Family Law Act R.S.O. 1990 c. F. 3.
- 168.
In Ontario this is confined to spouses. In Ireland it is extended to all persons which will also include spouses. The case of Guckian v. Brennan [1981] I.R. 478 held that the power of a spouse to refuse consent to a transfer of the family home is not a section 72 burden though such a spouse may have an overriding interest if in occupation. In the absence of evidence that the assignment had been invalidated Gannon J. held that the plaintiffs could rely on their registration as full owners with an absolute title and on the conclusiveness of the register. See also Murray v. Diamond [1982] I.L.R.M. 113 which affirmed that the right of a spouse to veto a transaction in relation to the family home is not an overriding interest as section 72 relates to property rights only. The spouse must hold an estate or interest in the land. In England and Wales the matrimonial home rights of a spouse cannot be an overriding interest. See section 31(10)(b) of the Family Law Act 1996.
- 169.
Note that in Ontario this is limited to adjoining land.
- 170.
Donahue et al. (2003), p. 28 note that this exception creates a serious flaw in the registered title system.
- 171.
See sections 33 and 40 of the 1964 Act as substituted by sections 56 and 57 of the 2006 Act.
- 172.
Teranet operates Teraview which delivers the electronic system under contract from the Ontario Ministry.
- 173.
Moore and Globe (2003), pp. 18 and 219.
- 174.
Lyall (2010), p. 938.
References
Akhtar, Z. (2014). Land registry, electronic conveyancing and harmonisation: A review of current practice. The Conveyancer and Property Lawyer.
Arruñada, B. (2010). Leaky title syndrome? New Zealand Law Journal.
Battersby, G. (1998). Informally created interests in land. In S. Bright & J. Dewar (Eds.), Land law themes and perspectives. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
Birks, P. (1998). Before we begin: Five keys to land law. In S. Bright & J. Dewar (Eds.), Land law themes and perspectives. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
Brennan, G., & Casey, N. (Eds.). (2014). Conveyancing (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Calabresi, G., & Melamed, A. D. (1972). Property rules, liability rules, and inalienability: One view of the cathedral. Harvard Law Review, 85(6).
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2014). Housing now Ontario region. http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/odpub/esub/64143/64143_2014_Q02.pdf?fr=1400081037361. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Chodosh, H. (1998–1999). Comparing comparisons: In search of methodology. Iowa Law Review, 84.
Clancy, D. (2007). Benchmarking land registration. In Registering the World Conference, Dublin, 26–28 September 2007. http://www.prai.ie/uploadedfiles/conference20071/papers/s5p4.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Connolly, F. (2007, October). E-conveyancing: Who will benefit? (B.Sc. Hons Dissertation). Dublin Institute of Technology and Irish Auctioneers and Valuers Institute.
Dale, P., Mahoney, R., & McLaren, R. (2006). Land markets and the modern economy. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. http://www.knowedge.co.uk/Papers/Land_markets.pdf. Accessed 23 June 2014.
Deeney, J. (2014). Registration of deeds and title in Ireland. Great Britain: Bloomsbury.
Dol, K., & Haffner, M. (Eds.). (2010). Housing statistics in the European Union 2010. In Ministry of Interior and Kingdom Relations, The Hague. http://www.iut.nu/Literature/2010/HousingStatistics_InTheEU_2010.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Donahue, D. J., Quinn, P. D., & Grandilli, D. C. (2003). Real estate practice in Ontario (6th ed.). Canada: LexisNexis Butterworths.
Engle, E. (2010). Taking the right seriously: Hohfeldian semiotics and rights discourse. The Crit, 3(1). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1424691 and http://thecritui.com/2010/01/volume-3-issue-1-winter-edition-2010/. Accessed 13 June 2014.
Ewald, W. (1995). Comparative jurisprudence (II): The logic of legal transplants. American Journal of Comparative Law, 43(4).
Ferlan, M., Šumrada, R., & Mattsson, H. (2007). Modelling property transactions. In J. Zevenbergen, A. Frank, & E. Stubkjær (Eds.), Real property transactions: Procedures, transaction costs and models. Amsterdam: IOS.
Flaws, J. (2003). Compensation for loss under the Torrens system – Extending state compensation with private insurance. In D. Grinlinton (Ed.), Torrens in the twenty-first century. Wellington: LexisNexis.
Gray, K., & Gray, S. F. (1998). The idea of property in land. In S. Bright & J. Dewar (Eds.), Land law themes and perspectives. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
Hage, J., & Verheij, B. (1999). The law as a dynamic interconnected system of states of affairs: A legal top ontology. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51.
Hohfeld, W. N. (1913). Some fundamental legal conceptions as applied in judicial reasoning. Yale Law Journal, 23(1).
Irish Banking Federation/PriceWaterhouseCoopers Mortgage Market Profile Quarter 1. (2014). http://www.ibf.ie/gns/publications/research/researchmortgagemarket.aspx. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Kahn-Freund, O. (1974). On uses and misuses of comparative law. Modern Law Review, 37(1).
Killilea, M. (2010, April). eRegistration in Ireland – An assessment of the transferability of the Queensland model (Dissertation). Dublin Institute of Public Administration.
Lawson, F. H., & Rudden, B. (1982). The law of property (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon.
Legrand, P. (1997). The impossibility of ‘Legal Transplants’. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 4(2).
Lemmen, C., van der Molen, P., Van Oosterom, P., Zevenbergen, J., & Quak, W. (2005). Further progress in the development of the core Cadastral Domain model. In International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Working Week 2005 and 8th International Conference on the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI – 8) Cairo, Egypt, 16–21 April 2005. http://www.fig.net/pub/cairo/ppt/ts_11/ts11_01_lemmen_etal_ppt.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014.
Lepaulle, P. (1921–1922). The function of comparative law with a critique of sociological jurisprudence. Harvard Law Review, 35.
Lyall, A. (2010). Land law in Ireland (3rd ed.). England: Round Hall.
Meadows, J., & Griffin, M. (2007). Introducing land title registration to Bermuda: Another world? In Registering the World Conference, Dublin, 26–28 September 2007. http://www.prai.ie/uploadedfiles/conference20071/papers/s2p3.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Miceli, T. J., et al. (2002). Title systems and land values. Journal of Law and Economics, 45.
Moore, M. E., & Globe, J. M. (2003). Title searching and conveyancing in Ontario (5th ed.). Canada: LexisNexis.
Neave, M. (1976). Indefeasibility of title in the Canadian context. University of Toronto Law Journal, 26.
O’Connor, P. (2003). Registration of title in England and Australia: A theoretical and comparative analysis. In E. Cooke (Ed.), Modern studies in property law (Vol. II). Oxford: Hart.
O’Connor, P. (2006). Electronic conveyancing: Who benefits? Public lecture Monash Centre for Regulatory Studies at Monash Law Chambers, 6 June 2006. http://www.law.monash.edu.au/regstudies/pamspaper.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2010.
O’Sullivan, J. (2007). eRegistration and eConveyancing in Ireland – The story so far…. In Registering the World Conference, Dublin, 26–28 September 2007. http://www.prai.ie/uploadedfiles/conference20071/papers/s3p6.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Ottens, M., & Stubkjær, E. (2007). A socio-technical analysis of cadastral systems. In J. Zevenbergen et al. (Eds.), Real property transactions: Procedures, transaction costs and models. Amsterdam: IOS.
Paasch, J. M. (2007). Real property transactions. In J. Zevenbergen et al. (Eds.), Real property transactions: Procedures, transaction costs and models. Amsterdam: IOS.
Pienaar, G. (2008, May). The inclusivity of communal land tenure: A redefinition of ownership in Canada and South Africa? Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, 12.1. http://www.ejcl.org/121/abs121-19.html. Accessed 23 June 2014.
Property Registration Authority. (2013). Annual report 2012. Property Registration Authority http://www.prai.ie/eng/Publications/Annual_Reports/PRA_Annual_Reports_.html. Accessed 5 June 2014.
Rätsep, H. (2008). Estonian land registration and experiences in electronic conveyancing. In CINDER XVI International Congress on Registration Law, Valencia, Spain, 20–22 May 2008. http://www.cinder2008.com/ingles/detalle_ponencia.cfm?id_ponencia=297. Accessed 26 Aug 2010.
Registering the World Conference Dublin. (2007). Conference papers, 26–28 September 2007. http://www.prai.ie/eng/Publications/Other_Publications/Conference_2007_Papers.html. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Ruoff, T. (1952). An Englishman looks at the Torrens system: Part 1: The mirror principle. Australian Law Journal, 26.
Sen, A. (2009). The idea of justice. London: Allen Lane.
Statistics Canada. (2011). Canada at a glance 2011. http://www.iut.nu/Facts%20and%20figures/Canada/CanadaAtGlance_2011.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2014.
Stubkjær, E. (2003). Modelling units of real property rights. In K. Virrantaus & H. Tveite (Eds.), The 9th Scandinavian research conference on Geographical Information Science (GIS), 4–6 June 2003, Espoo, Finland – Proceedings. http://www.scangis.org/scangis2003/papers/. Accessed 3 Feb 2011.
Stubkjær, E., Frank, A., & Zevenbergen, J. (2007). Modelling real property transactions. In J. Zevenbergen, A. Frank, & E. Stubkjær (Eds.), Real property transactions: Procedures, transaction costs and models. Amsterdam: IOS.
Teubner, G. (1998). Legal irritants: Good faith in British law or how unifying law ends up in new divergences. Modern Law Review, 61.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2003). Multilingual thesaurus on land tenure. In G. Ciparisse (Ed.). http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/X203s8E/X2038E00.HTM. Accessed 13 June 2014.
The Law Reform Commission. (2006). eConveyancing: Modelling of the Irish conveyancing system. In The Law Reform Commission (LRC 79-2006). http://www.lawreform.ie/Reports_Published/Default.135.html.
The Law Society of Upper Canada. (2002). Practice guidelines for electronic registration of title documents, 28 June 2002. http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/eReg/july08_eregguidelines.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014.
United Nations Economic and Social Council. (2007). Report on the Dublin conference “Registered the World”, United Nations. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/2007/ece/hbp/wp7/ece.hbp.wp.7.2007.9.e.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2004). Guidelines on real property units and identifiers. Geneva: United Nations. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2005/wpla/Guidelines_On_Real_Property_Identifiers.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Working Party on Land Administration. (2005). Inventory of land administration systems in Europe and North America (4th ed.). http://www.unece.org/hlm/documents/Publications/landadminsystems.inventory.ed4.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Working Party on Land Administration. (2014). Survey on land administration systems (draft), United Nations. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/documents/Publications/Benchmarking_41.pdf. Accessed 23 June 2014.
Van Erp, S. (2002). Different degrees of convergence: A comparison of tort law (Example: Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services) and property law. Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, 6.3. http://www.ejcl.org/63/abs63-4.html. Accessed 13 June 2014.
Van Erp, S. (2003a). A Numerus Quasi-Clausus of property rights as a constitutive element of a future European property law? Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, 7.2. http://www.ejcl.org/72/art72-2.doc. Accessed 13 June 2014.
Van Erp, S. (2003b). Linguistic diversity and a European legal discourse. Electronic Journal of Comparative Law Editorial, 7.3. http://www.ejcl.org/73/editor73.html. Accessed 13 June 2014.
Van Oosterom, P., Lemmen, C., Ingvarsson, T., van der Molen, P., Ploeger, H., & Quak, W., et al. (2006). The core cadastral domain model. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 30. http://www.eurocadastre.org/pdf/the_core_cadastral_domain.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2014.
Visser, P., & Bench-Capon, T. (1998). A comparison of four ontologies for the design of legal knowledge systems. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 6.
Visser, U., & Schlieder, C. (2003). Modelling real estate transactions: The potential role of ontologies. In H. Stuckenschmidt, E. Stubkjær, & C. Schlieder (Eds.), The ontology and modelling of real estate transactions. England: Ashgate.
Watson, A. (1996). Aspects of reception of law. American Journal of Comparative Law, 44(2).
Wilsch, H. (2008). Legality checks in the attributing of real rights. In CINDER XVI International Congress on Registration Law, Valencia, Spain, 20–22 May 2008. http://www.cinder2008.com/ingles/detalle_ponencia.cfm?id_ponencia=303. Accessed 26 Aug 2010.
Zevenbergen, J., et al. (Eds.). (2007). Real property transactions: Procedures, transaction costs and models. Amsterdam: IOS.
Zweigert, K., & Kötz, H. (1998). Introduction to comparative law (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brennan, G. (2015). Methodology. In: The Impact of eConveyancing on Title Registration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10341-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10341-9_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10340-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10341-9
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)