Skip to main content

Workplace Psychology and Gamification: Theory and Application

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Gamification in Education and Business

Abstract

The objective of gamification is to engage and motivate people in non-gaming contexts, for example, at the workplace. However, practitioners often understand gamification as the introduction of extrinsic rewards (e.g., points, badges) as kind of non-monetary valuta and, thus, inexpensive way of rewarding people. Although these approaches work to some extent, successful and sustainable applications of game design elements foster the intrinsic motivation of people. The investigation of intrinsic motivation, human satisfaction, and well-being has been a long-term research field in work and organizational psychology. In this chapter, we describe key theories from the domain of positive and workplace psychology. Key resources and factors of these theories are then linked to gamification and game design elements. This analysis results in a general framework for quantitative gamification research which has been partially evaluated with one of our ERP gamification applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Further details can be found in Herzig, Strahringer, and Ameling (2012).

References

  • Avey, J., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. (2008). Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behavior. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 44, 48–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baas, M., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood–creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 779–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demand-resource model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13, 209–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Hakanen, J. J., Demerouti, E., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2007). Job resources boost work engagement, particularly when job demands are high. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 274–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bono, J. E., Foldes, H. J., Vinson, G., & Muros, J. P. (2007). Workplace emotions: The role of supervision and leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1357–1367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., & Wang, Q. (2010). A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 915–934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 120(21), 235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caillois, R. (2001). Man, play and games. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research, (pp. 295–358). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, D., Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2007). ERP training with a web-based electronic learning system: The flow theory perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65, 223–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 815–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curhan, J. R., Elfenbein, H. A., & Kilduff, J. G. (2009). Getting off on the right foot: Subjective value versus economic value in predicting longitudinal job outcomes from job offer negotiations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 524–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13, 319–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982–1003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resource model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining gamification. In MindTrek ’11 Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments (pp. 9–15). New York: ACM.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12, 384–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, J. R. P., Caplan, R. D., & Van Harrison, R. (1982). The mechanisms of job stress and strain. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Götz, O., Liehr-Gobbers, K., & Krafft, M. (2010). Evaluation of structural equation models using the partial least squares (PLS) approach. In V. E. Vinzi, W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of partial least squares (chap. 29, pp. 691–712). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakanen, J. J., & Roodt, G. (2010). Using the job demands-resource model to predict engagement: Analysing a conceptual model. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (chap. 7, pp. 85–101). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources and consequences. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 102–117). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg, U. E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). “Same same” but different? Can work engagement be discriminated from job involvement and organizational commitment? European Psychologist, 11, 119–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the gallup studies. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: The positive person and the good life (chap. 9, pp. 205–224). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzig, P., Strahringer, S., & Ameling, M. (2012). Gamification of ERP systems - Exploring gamification effects on user acceptance constructs. In Multikonferenz Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 793–804) Braunschweig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (2009). Flow online: Lessons learned and future prospects. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23(1), 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ilies, R., Scott, B. A., & Judge, T. A. (2006). The interactive effects of personal traits and experienced states on intraindividual patterns of citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), 561–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koster, R. (2004). A theory of fun for game design. Phoenix: Paraglyph Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leiter, M. P., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Work engagement: Introduction. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (chap. 1, pp. 1–9). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, E. A., Cartledge, N., & Knerr, C. S. (1975). Studies of the relationship between satisfaction, goal-setting, and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 5, 135–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality is broken: Why games make us better and how they can change the world. New York: The Penguin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearsall, P. (2007). Awe: The delights and dangers of our eleventh emotion. Deerfield Beach, FL: HCI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravaja, N., Saari, T., Laarni, J., Kallinen, K., & Salminen, M. (2005). The psychophysiology of video gaming: Phasic emotional responses to game events. In D. Suzanne & J. Jennifer (Eds.), Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views – Worlds in Play (pp. 1–13). University of Vancouver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Carvaja, R., Moreno-Jiménez, B., de Rivas-Hermosilla, S., Álvarez-Bejarano, A., & Vergel, A. I. S. (2010). Positive psychology at work: Mutual gains for individuals and organizations. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 26(3), 235–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W. B., Xanthopoulou, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). The gain spiral of resources and work engagement: Sustaining a positive worklife. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (chap. 9, pp. 118–131). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 10–24). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligmann, M. (1998). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). Is it possible to become happier (and if so, how?). Social and Personality Psychology, 1, 1–17. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1751- 9004.2007.00002.x/full

  • Shirom, A. (2006). Explaining vigor: On the antecedents and consequences of vigor as a positive affect at work. In C. L. Cooper & D. L. Nelson (Eds.), Organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work (pp. 86–100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, G. M., Lam, C. F., & Fritz, C. (2010). Engagement and human thriving: Complementary perspectives on energy and connections to work. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 132–146). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, G. M., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007). Thriving in organizations. In D. L. Nelson & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Positive organizational behavior (pp. 74–85). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweetman, D., & Luthans, F. (2010). The power of positive psychology. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 54–68). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions. Decision Sciences, 39(2), 273–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.-S. (2008). Assessing E-commerce systems success: A respecification and validation of the DeLone and McLean model of IS success. Information Systems Journal, 18, 529–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, E. (2008). The geography of bliss. New York: Twelve.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelenski, J., Murphy, S., & Jenkins, D. (2008). The happy-productive worker thesis revisited. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(4), 521–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philipp Herzig .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Herzig, P., Ameling, M., Schill, A. (2015). Workplace Psychology and Gamification: Theory and Application. In: Reiners, T., Wood, L. (eds) Gamification in Education and Business. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10208-5_23

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics