Abstract
The traditional understanding of arts emphasizes the aesthetic dimension of arts. Art and arts can also be understood (and re-invented) as a manifestation of knowledge, knowledge production and knowledge creation. Furthermore, knowledge production and knowledge creation extend to knowledge application and knowledge use. The here presented approach to arts introduces knowledge as an additional dimension for defining and understanding arts. This additional dimension does not replace, but extends the aesthetic dimension of arts, by this making the arts clearly multi-dimensional. Through knowledge creation, knowledge production, knowledge application, and knowledge use, research in the arts and arts-based innovation are being interconnected with research in the sciences and sciences-based innovation. Arts and artistic research add to the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary spectrum of research organizations and of research networks, and can assist the sciences in building interdisciplinary arrangements. Arts and artistic research are now being regarded as drivers for forming and pluralizing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary configurations and networks with research in the sciences and the application and use of knowledge and innovation in context of society, democracy, but also the economy.
The concepts of the Quadruple Helix and Quintuple Helix innovation systems are explicitly sensitive for the roles of arts and of artistic research for innovation. Within context of that line of thinking, arts, artistic research and arts-based innovation are essential for the further evolution and progress of innovation systems. Universities of the arts and other higher education institutions of the arts represent crucial organizations for innovation systems (national and multi-level innovation systems). Innovation may not be narrowed down to economic concerns and economic activities. Innovation is more than only economics. “Arts, research, innovation, and society” (ARIS) contribute to creating the basis for new models of economic growth, where “growth in quality” challenges the traditional focus on “quantitative growth” of selected economic benchmarks. “Arts, research, innovation, and society” (ARIS) furthermore interrelates and cross-links with Quality of Democracy. ARIS indicates opportunities for a creative design or creative-design-processes in the further co-evolution of knowledge economy, knowledge society and knowledge democracy.
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Notes
- 1.
Within context of our analysis, the plural term “sciences” always includes the natural sciences, life sciences, but also the social sciences and humanities (human sciences). For us, the sciences address the whole and complete disciplinary spectrum. Therefore, “sciences” is not equivalent to science. When we use the shorter expression “scientific research”, we actually always mean the research in all of the sciences.
- 2.
Of course, depending on how the sciences or knowledge production in the sciences are defined or is being defined, we may arrive here at different conclusion. Perhaps, the sciences (or pre-forms of the sciences) are just as old as the arts (pre-forms of arts). Reasoning and aesthetic sensitivity represent universal categories of humanity.
- 3.
In her Master thesis, Derya Öcal also reflects on the question, What is Art? Was ist Kunst?
- 4.
In context of our analysis here, we use knowledge production and knowledge creation as interchangeable concepts. We could speculate, whether “knowledge creation” fits better for purposes of describing processes (knowledge-based processes) in the arts and in artistic research than the term “knowledge production”.
- 5.
Epistemology or an “epistemic base” may apply as a concept to very different fields. For example, also policy and policies can be discussed under aspects of “epistemic governance” (Campbell and Carayannis 2013b, c). In fact, to utilize an epistemic base in unusual contexts has all the qualities of a potentially innovative approach or approaching.
- 6.
- 7.
For an overview see: http://www.mcescher.com/gallery/
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
In context of our analysis here, art and artistic research (also arts, artistic research and arts-based innovation) refers to a conceptual “Triple A” of the qualities of arts-based knowledge production and arts-based innovation.
- 11.
See again our analysis in section “Arts and Artistic Research”.
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Carayannis, E.G., Campbell, D.F.J. (2015). Art and Artistic Research in Quadruple and Quintuple Helix Innovation Systems. In: Bast, G., Carayannis, E., Campbell, D. (eds) Arts, Research, Innovation and Society. Arts, Research, Innovation and Society. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09909-5_3
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