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Diamonds in the Sky

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Part of the book series: Astronomers' Universe ((ASTRONOM))

Abstract

In 1961, Ed Salpeter (1925–2008) opened a new chapter in the investigation of white dwarfs. His goal was to improve the equation of state Chandrasekhar had developed and used in his pioneering white dwarf calculations in the 1930s. For simplicity, Chandrasekhar had assumed that white dwarfs are fully degenerate (that is, at the absolute zero of temperature), and he had neglected electrostatic interactions among the ions and electrons.

Any Fool Can Make a White Dwarf!

—Icko Iben, Jr.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Kirzhnits, D. A. 1960, Soviet Phys.-JETP, 11, 365; see also Abrikosov, A. 1961, Soviet Phys.-JETP, 12, 1254.

  2. 2.

    Salpeter, E. E. 1961, Astrophys. J., 134, 669, “The Energy and Pressure of a Zero-Temperature Plasma.”

  3. 3.

    Hamada, T., and Salpeter. E. E. 1961, Astrophys. J., 134, 669, “Models for Zero-Temperature Stars.”

  4. 4.

    Mestel, L., and Ruderman, M. A. 1967, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 136, 27, “The Energy Content of a White Dwarf and Its Rate of Cooling.”

  5. 5.

    Mestel, L. 1952, op cit.

  6. 6.

    Kittel and Kroemer (1980), pp. 102 ff.

  7. 7.

    Brush, S. G., Sahlin, H. L., and Teller, E. 1966, J. Chem. Phys., 45, 2102, “A Monte Carlo Study of a One-Component Plasma.”

  8. 8.

    Vila, S. C. (1965); see also Savedoff, M. P., Van Horn, H. M., and Vila, S. C. 1969, Astrophys. J., 155, 221, “Late Phases of Stellar Evolution. I. Pure Iron Stars.”

  9. 9.

    See Chap. 6.

  10. 10.

    Lamb, D. Q., Jr., (1974); see also Lamb, D. Q., and Van Horn, H. M. 1975, Astrophys. J., 200, 306, “Evolution of Crystallizing Pure 12C White Dwarfs.”

  11. 11.

    Montgomery, M. H., Klumpe, E. W., Winget, D. E., and Wood, M. A. 1999, Astrophys. J., 525, 482, “Evolutionary Calculations of Phase Separation in Crystallizing White Dwarf Stars.”

  12. 12.

    Stevenson, D. J. 1980, J. Phys. Colloq. (France), 41, C2-61, “A Eutectic in Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs.

  13. 13.

    Stevenson, D. J. 1975, Phys. Rev., B13, 3999, “Thermodynamics and Phase Separation of Dense Fully-Ionized Hydrogen-Helium Fluid Mixtures;” see also Stevenson, D. J., and Salpeter, E. E. 1977, Astrophys. J. Suppl., 35, 221, “The Phase Diagram and Transport Properties for Hydrogen-Helium Fluid Planets.”

  14. 14.

    Mochkovitch, R. 1983, Astron. & Astrophys., 122, 212, “Freezing of a Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarf.”

  15. 15.

    Isern, J., Mochkovitch, R., Garcia-Berro, E., and Hernanz, M. 1991, Astron. & Astrophys., 241, L29, “The Role of the Minor Chemical Species in the Cooling of White Dwarfs.”

Reference

  • Kittel, C, Kroemer, H: Thermal Physics (W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco) (1980)

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Van Horn, H.M. (2015). Diamonds in the Sky. In: Unlocking the Secrets of White Dwarf Stars. Astronomers' Universe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09369-7_11

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