Abstract
This paper provides an overview of land degradation and a summary of carbon and nitrogen pooling under different land uses in Southern Ethiopia. The conversion of pristine vegetation to cultivated lands depletes soil organic matter (SOM). In this paper, we: (i) explore the extent of the land degradation in Ethiopia; (ii) assess changes in the stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) in soils under the chronosequences of 12–50 years of traditional agroforestry (AF) and crop fields (F); (iii) discover the effect of plantations on the state of SOC and N; (iv) consider the litter production and in situ decomposition rate under plantations; and (v) evaluate the effect of plantations on soil quality in Gambo District. The rates of soil erosion in Ethiopia hover around 16–300 Mg ha−1 year−1. The SOM loss was estimated to be 1.17–78 Tg year−1 from 78 M ha of cultivated and grazing lands. The SOC stock under the chronosequence of 12–50 years of AF and F land uses varied from 28.2 to 98.9 Mg ha−1, or 12–43 % of the stock, under the NF. The plantations accrued from 133.62 to 213.73 Mg ha−1, or 59.1–94.5 % SOC of that under the NF. Litter fall was higher under broad-leaved compared with the coniferous plantations. The soil quality index was high for NF and Juniperous procera. Plantations may represent the best option for mitigation of the increasing atmospheric CO2 and sustenance of land productivity. Nevertheless, NF should be protected from further conversion to other land uses to maintain healthy ecosystem functions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ashagrie Y, Zech W, Guggenberger G (2005) Transformation of a Podocarpus falcatus dominated natural forest into a monoculture eucalyptus globulus plantation at Munesa, Ethiopia: soil organic C, N and S dynamics in primary particle and aggregate-size fractions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:89–98
Berg B, McClaugherty C (2008) Plant litter: decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Berg B, Tamm CO (1991) Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long-term optimum nutrition experiments. Scand J For Res 6:305–321
Binkley D, Dunkin KA, DeBell D, Ryan MG (1992) Production and nutrient cycling in mixed plantations of eucalyptus and albizia in Hawaii. For Sci 38:393–408
Davidson EA, Ackerman IL (1993) Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously untilled soils. Biogeochemistry 20:161–193
Demel T (2005) Seed ecology and regeneration in dry afromontane forests of Ethiopia. Trop Ecol 46:45–64
Demessie A (2009) Effects of conservation of natural forests to plantations, traditional agroforestry and cultivated lands on carbon sequestration and maintenance of soil quality in Gambo District, southern Ethiopia. PhD thesis, Norwegian University of Life Science
Demessie A, Singh BR, Lal R (2011) Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under plantations in Gambo District, Southern Ethiopia. J Sustain For 30(6):496–517
Demessie A, Singh BR, Lal R, Børresen T (2012a) Effects of eucalyptus and coniferous plantations on soil properties in Gambo District, southern Ethiopia. Acta Agric Scand B Plant Soil Sci 62:467–476
Demessie A, Singh BR, Lal R, Børresen T (2012b) Leaf litter fall and litter decomposition under eucalyptus and coniferous plantations in Gambo District, southern Ethiopia. Acta Agric Scand B Plant Soil Sci 62:467–476
Demessie A, Singh BR, Lal R (2013) Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under chronosequence of farm and traditional agroforestry in Gambo district, Southern Ethiopia. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 95:365–375
FAO (1984) Ethiopian highlands reclamation study (EHRS). Final report, vol 1–2, Rome
Feller C, Beare MH (1997) Physical control of soil organic matter dynamics in the tropics. Geoderma 79:69–116
Feller C, Albrecht A, Blanchart E, Cabidoche YM, Chevallier T, Hartmann C, Eschenbrenner V, Larrouy MC, Ndandou JF (2001) Soil organic carbon sequestration in tropical areas. General considerations and analysis of some edaphic determinants for Lesser Antilles soils. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 61:19–31
Friis I (1992) Forests and forest trees of northeast tropical Africa: their natural habitats and distribution patterns in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Kew Bull Addit Ser 15:1–396
Grigal DF, Berguson WE (1998) Soil carbon changes associated with short-rotation systems. Biomass and Bioenerg 14:371–377
Guo LB, Gifford RM (2002) Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Glob Chang Biol 8:345–360
Gupta RK, Rao DLN (1994) Potential of wastelands for sequestering carbon by reforestation. Curr Sci 65:378–380, Bangalore
Hawando T (1997) Desertification in Ethiopian highlands, RALA report no. 200. Norwegian Church AID, Addis Ababa
Heilman P, Norby RJ (1998) Nutrient cycling and fertility management in temperate short rotation forest systems. Biomass Bioenerg 14:361–370
Huang J, Wang X, Yan E (2007) Leaf nutrient concentration, nutrient resorption and litter decomposition in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in eastern China. For Ecol Manage 239:150–158
Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. Mt Res Dev 8:123–130
Jamaludheen V, Kumar BM (1999) Litter of multipurpose trees in Kerala, India: variations in the amount, quality, decay rates and release of nutrients. For Ecol Manage 115:1–11
Johnson DL, Lewis LA (1995) Land degradation: creation and destruction. Blackwell, Cambridge
Lal R (2002) Soil carbon dynamics in cropland and rangeland. Environ Pollut 116:353–362
Lal R (2005) Forest soils and carbon sequestration. For Ecol Manage 220:242–258
Lemenih M, Itanna F (2004) Soil carbon stocks and turnovers in various vegetation types and arable lands along an elevation gradient in southern Ethiopia. Geoderma 123:177–188
Lian Y, Zhang Q (1998) Conversion of a natural broad-leafed evergreen forest into pure and mixed plantation forests in a subtropical area: effects on nutrient cycling. Can J For Res 28:1518–1529
Mann LK (1986) Changes in soil carbon storage after cultivation. Soil Sci 142:279
Mekonnen A (1999) Rural household biomass fuel production and consumption in Ethiopia: a case study. J For Econ 5:69–97
Ministry of National Resources Development and Environmental Protection (1994) Ethiopian forestry action plan, vols 1 and 2. Addis Ababa
Oades JM (1988) The retention of organic matter in soils. Biogeochemistry 5:35–70
Oldeman LR (1988) Global assessment of soil degradation. Guidelines for general assessment of status of human-induced soil degradation. International Soil Reference and Information Center, Wageningen
Olson JS (1963) Energy storage and the balance of producers and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology 44:322–331
Ovington JD, Heitkamp D (1960) The accumulation of energy in forest plantations in Britain. J Ecol 48:639–646
Parrotta JA (1999) Productivity, nutrient cycling, and succession in single-and mixed-species plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto Rico. For Ecol Manage 124:45–77
Percival HJ, Parfitt RL, Scott NA (2000) Factors controlling soil carbon levels in New Zealand grasslands: is clay content important? Soil Sci Soc Am J 64:1623
Pohjonen V, Pukkala T (1990) Eucalyptus globulus in Ethiopian forestry. For Ecol Manage 36:19–31
Post WM, Kwon KC (2000) Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential. Glob Chang Biol 6:317–327
Post WM, Mann LK (1990) Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen as a result of cultivation. In: Bouwman AF (ed) Soils and the greenhouse effect. Wiley, New York, pp 401–406
Ribeiro C, Madeira M, Arajo MC (2002) Decomposition and nutrient release from leaf litter of Eucalyptus globulus grown under different water and nutrient regimes. For Ecol Manage 171:31–41
Russell AE, Cambardella CA, Ewel JJ, Parkin TB (2004) Species, rotation, and life-form diversity effects on soil carbon in experimental tropical ecosystems. Ecol Appl 14:47–60
Schjönning P, Thomsen IK, Mberg JP, de Jonge H, Kristensen K, Christensen BT (1999) Turnover of organic matter in differently textured soils I. Physical characteristics of structurally disturbed and intact soils. Geoderma 89:177–198
Six J, Elliott ET, Paustian K (2000) Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: a mechanism for C sequestration under no-tillage agriculture. Soil Biol Biochem 32:2099–2103
Solomon D, Fritzsche F, Tekalign M, Lehmann J, Zech W (2002) Soil organic matter composition in the subhumid Ethiopian highlands as influenced by deforestation and agricultural management 1415. Soil Sci Soc Am J 66:68–82
Songwe NC, Okali DUU, Fasehun FE (1995) Litter decomposition and nutrient release in a tropical rainforest, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve, Cameroon. J Trop Ecol 11:333–350
Sundarapandian SM, Swamy PS (1999) Litter production and leaf-litter decomposition of selected tree species in tropical forests at Kodayar in the Western Ghats, India. For Ecol Manage 123:231–244
Tilahun S, Edwards S, Egziabher TBG (eds) (1996) Important bird areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society. Semayata Press, Addis Ababa
Tolera M, Asfaw Z, Lemenih M, Karltun E (2008) Woody species diversity in a changing landscape in the south-central highlands of Ethiopia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 128:52–58
Turner IM, Corlett T (1996) The conservation value of small, isolated fragments of lowland tropical rain forest. Trends Ecol Evol 11:330–333
Vagen TG, Lal R, Singh BR (2005) Soil carbon sequestration in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Land Degrad Dev 16:53–71
Van Veen JA, Kuikman PJ (1990) Soil structural aspects of decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms. Biogeochemistry 11:213–233
Vesterdal L, Ritter E, Gundersen P (2002) Change in soil organic carbon following afforestation of former arable land. For Ecol Manage 169:137–147
Vlek PLG (2008) The incipient threat of land degradation. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 56:1–13
Wang Q, Wang S, Huang Y (2007) Comparisons of litterfall, litter decomposition and nutrient return in a monoculture Cunninghamia lanceolata and a mixed stand in southern China. For Ecol Manage 255:1210–1218
Wassie A, Teketay D, Powell N (2003) Ethiopian church forests opportunities and challenges for restoration. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen. ISBN: 978-90-8504-768-1
Yang YS, Guo JF, Chen GS, Xie JS, Cai LP, Lin P (2004) Litterfall, nutrient return, and leaf-litter decomposition in four plantations compared with a natural forest in subtropical China. Ann For Sci 61:465–476
Yirdaw E (2002) Restoration of the native woody-species diversity, using plantation species as foster trees, in the degraded highlands of Ethiopia. PhD thesis, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
Zunino H, Borie F, Aguilera S, Martin JP, Haider K (1982) Decomposition of 14C-labeled glucose, plant and microbial products and phenols in volcanic ash-derived soils of Chile. Soil Biol Biochem 14:37–43
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Demessie, A., Singh, B.R., Lal, R. (2015). Land Degradation and Soil Carbon Pool in Different Land Uses and Their Implication for Food Security in Southern Ethiopia. In: Lal, R., Singh, B., Mwaseba, D., Kraybill, D., Hansen, D., Eik, L. (eds) Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09360-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09360-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09359-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09360-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)