Liver Metastases from Larynx Cancer

Abstract

Larynx, or laryngeal, cancer is the second most common form of primary head and neck cancer in the world. Although the incidence of distant metastases from laryngeal cancer is relatively low, it has a dismal prognosis with a high rate of mortality, indicating the importance of recognizing risk factors and being aware of screening techniques for metastatic disease. Presently, the greatest predictors for metastatic spread from laryngeal cancer are poor locoregional control and extracapsular nodal spread. Liver metastases from laryngeal cancer are the third most common form of distant metastases, behind lung and bone metastases, respectively. Clinical presentation of liver metastases can be often indolent until there is advanced disease progression resulting in acute liver failure or cirrhosis. Although screening modalities have advanced and become more available, a standardized approach to screening for liver metastases remains to be established. Diagnosis of liver metastases can be made through a combination of liver function tests, ultrasound studies, radiographic evaluation, and PET scanning, although the ability of each of these tests to adequately detect metastatic disease can vary. Though liver metastases in the setting of primary laryngeal cancer are incurable by definition, disease management, both surgical and nonsurgical forms, focuses on palliative treatment and improvement in quality of life. Through understanding the natural course of disease, screening modalities, and treatment options, a holistic approach can be achieved in the management for liver metastases in the setting of laryngeal cancer.