Abstract
Indoor environmental quality is a growing concern, as populations become more urbanised and people spend a greater proportion of their lives indoors. Volatile organic compounds outgassing from synthetic materials and carbon dioxide from human respiration have been major indoor air quality concerns. The growing use of energy-efficient recirculating ventilation solutions has led to greater accumulation of these pollutants indoors. A range of physiochemical methods have been developed to remove contaminants from indoor air, but all methods have high maintenance costs and none reduce CO2, which some biological systems can achieve effectively with the additional benefit of the self-sustaining capacity of biological material. Bacteria are the major organisms involved in bioremediation of VOCs, although green plants may help sustain the bacterial community and add the capacity for CO2 reduction to a system. The main problems faced by indoor air bioremediation systems is the extremely low concentrations of VOCs present indoors and the possibility of microbial release. Simple, passive biofiltration with potted green plants may be the simplest and most effective system for indoor air cleaning, but further research into substrate types, ventilation, and the microbiology of biodegradation processes is required to reveal their ultimate potential. Purely microbial systems have potential for the bioamelioration of high concentrations of toxic gases, but not without significant maintenance costs. Despite many years of study and substantial market demand, a proven formula for indoor air bioremediation for all applications is yet to be developed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Afrin S (2009) Green skyscraper: integration of plants into skyscrapers. Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan, Stockholm
Adan OCG, Samson RA (2011) Fundamentals of mold growth in indoor environments and strategies for healthy living. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen
ASHRAE (2011) GreenGuide: the design, construction, and operation of sustainable buildings, 3rd edn. http://www.ashraeregion12.org/?p=105. Accessed 15 Dec 2013
Auvinen J, Wirtanen L (2008) The influence of photocatalytic interior paints on indoor air quality. Atmos Environ 42:4101–4112
Aydogan A, Montoya LD (2011) Formaldehyde removal by common indoor plant species and various growing media. Atmos Environ 45:2675–2682
Bakó-Biró Z, Wargocki P, Weschler CJ, Fanger PO (2004) Effects of pollution from personal computers on perceived air quality, SBS symptoms and productivity in offices. Indoor Air 14:178–187
Bamsey M, Graham T, Stasiak M, Berinstain A, Scott A, Vuk TR, Dixon M (2009) Canadian advanced life support capacities and future directions. Adv Space Res 44:151–161
Barro R, Regueiro J, Llompart M, Garcia - Jares C (2009) Analysis of industrial contaminants in indoor air: part 1. Volatile organic compounds, carbonyl compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. J Chromatogr A 1216:540–566
Bernstein JA, Alexis N, Bacchus H, Bernstein IL, Fritz P, Horner E et al (2008a) The health effects of nonindustrial indoor air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121(3):585–591
BCC Research (2014) US Market report: indoor air quality. http://www.bccresearch.com/market-research/environment/indoor-air-quality-us-market-env003d.html. Accessed 14 Feb 2014
Bernstein JA, Alexis N, Bacchus H, Bernstein IL, Fritz P, Horner E, Li N, Mason S, Nel A, Oullette J, Reijula K, Reponen T, Seltzer J, Smith A, Tarlo SM (2008b) The health effects of nonindustrial indoor air pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 121:585–591
Beveridge TJ, Makin SA, Kadurugamuwa JL, Li Z (1997) Interaction between biofilms and the environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20:291–303
Bringslimark T, Hartig T, Patil GC (2009) The psychological benefits of indoor plants: a critical review of the experimental literature. J Environ Psychol 29:422–433
Brown SK (1997) Indoor air quality, Australia: state of the environment technical paper series (Atmosphere). Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra
Burchett MD, Tarran J, Torpy FR (2007) Sources and avoidance of Legionnaires disease commissioned report to national indoor Plantscapers Association. University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
Cabral JPS (2010) Can we use indoor fungi as bio-indicators of indoor air quality? Historical perspectives and open questions. Sci Total Environ 408:4285–4295
Chen W, Zhang JS, Zhang Z (2005) Performance of air cleaners for removing multiple volatile organic compounds in indoor air. ASHRAE Trans OR-05-17-2:1101–1104
Chan W, Lee S-C, Chen Y, Mak B, Wong K, C-S C, Zheng C, Guo X (2009) Indoor air quality in new hotels’ guest rooms of the major world factory region. Int J Hosp Manag 28:26–32
Cooley JD, Wong WC, Jumper CA, Strauss DC (1998) Correlation between the prevalence of certain fungi and sick building syndrome. Occup Environ Med 55:579–584
Coward M, Ross D, Coward S, Cayless S, Raw G (1996) Pilot study to assess the impact of green plants on NO2 levels in homes, building research establishment note N154/96. Watford, UK
Darlington A, Chan M, Malloch D, Pilger C, Dixon MA (2000) The biofiltration of indoor air: implications for air quality. Indoor Air 10:39–46
Darlington A, Dat JF, Dixon MA (2001) The biofiltration of indoor air: air flux and temperature influences the removal of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Environ Sci Technol 35:240–246
Delhoménie M-C, Heitz M (2003) Elimination of chlorobenzene vapors from air in a compost-based biofilter. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 78:588–595
De Kempeneer L, Sercu B, Vanbrabant W, Van Langenhove H, Verstraete W (2004) Bioaugmentation of the phyllosphere for the removal of toluene from indoor air. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:284–288
De Visscher A, Li GQ (2008) Toluene removal biofilter modeling: optimization and case study. Process Saf Environ Prot 86:277–282
Dravigne A, Waliczek TM, Lineberger RD, Zajicek JM (2008) The effect of live plants and window views of green spaces on employee perceptions of job satisfaction. HortScience 43:183–187
Douwes J (2009) Building dampness and its effect on indoor exposure to biological and nonbiological pollutants. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. WHO Europe, Copenhagen, pp 7–29
Elkiey T, Ormrod DP (1981) Absorption of ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide by Petunia plants. Environ Exp Bot 21:63–70
Elmrini H, Kerdouss F, Jorio H, Heitz M (2001) Biofiltration of air contaminated with toluene. Environ Technol 22:927–940
Engelhart S, Rietschel E, Exner M, Lange L (2009) Childhood hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with fungal contamination of indoor hydroponics. Int J Hyg Environ Health 212:18–20
Environment Australia (2003) BTEX personal exposure monitoring in four Australian Cities. Technical paper No. 6 (Australia E ed.), Canberra, ACT, Australia
Epstein Y (2008) Sick Building Syndrome. Harefuah 147:607–608
Erdmann CA, Apte MG (2004) Mucous membrane and lower respiratory building related symptoms in relation to indoor carbon dioxide concentrations in the 100-building BASE dataset. Indoor Air 14:127–134
Esguerra C, Santiago E, Aquino N, Ramos M (1983) The uptake of SO2 and NO2 by plants. Sci Diliman 2:45–56
Estrada JM, Hernández S, Muñoz R, Revah S (2013a) A comparative study of fungal and bacterial biofiltration treating a VOC mixture. J Hazard Mater 250–251:190–197
Estrada JM, Quijano G, Lebrero R, Muñoz R (2013b) Step-feed biofiltration: a low cost alternative configuration for off-gas treatment. Water Res 47:4312–4321
Fadzli Haniff M, Selamat H, Yusof R, Buyamin S, Sham Ismail F (2013) Review of HVAC scheduling techniques for buildings towards energy-efficient and cost-effective operations. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 27:94–103
Fjeld T, Veiersted B, Sandvik L, Riise G, Levy F (1998) The effect of indoor foliage plants on health and discomfort symptoms among office workers. Indoor Built Environ 7:204–206
GarcÃa-Peña I, Ortiz I, Hernández S, Revah S (2008) Biofiltration of BTEX by the fungus Paecilomyces variotii. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 62:442–447
Giese M, Bauer-Doranth U, Langebartels C, Sandermann H (1994) Detoxification of formaldehyde by the spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum L.) and by soybean (Glycine max L.) suspension cultures. Plant Physiol 104:1301–1309
Grimes D (1991) Ecology of estuarine bacteria capable of causing human disease. Estuaries 14:334–360
Gurjar B, Molina L, Ojha C (2010) Air pollution: health and environmental impacts. CRC Press, Florida
Gutiérrez-Acosta OB, Arriaga S, Escobar-Barriosa VA, Casas-Flores S, Almendarez-Camarilloc A (2012) Performance of innovative PU-foam and natural fiber-based composites for the bio-filtration of a mixture of volatile organic compounds by a fungal biofilm. J Hazard Mater 201–202:202–208
Guieysse B, Hort C, Platel V, Munoz R, Ondarts M, Revah S (2008) Biological treatment of indoor air for VOC removal: Potential and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 26:398–410
Haritash AK, Kaushik CP (2009) Biodegradation aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. J Hazard Mater 169:1–15
Harris R, Moore D (2009) Indoor work and living environments: health and safety and performance. In: Hedge A (ed) Indoor air quality and productivity. Science Publisher Inc, Ithaca, New York
Hedayati MT, Mohseni-Bandpi A, Moradi S (2004) A survey on the pathogenic fungi in soil samples of potted plants from Sari hospitals, Iran. J Hosp Infect 58:59–62
Hutton G (2013) Air pollution: global damage costs. In: Lomborg B (ed) How much have global problems cost the world?. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA
Irga PJ, Torpy FR, Burchett MD (2013) Can hydroculture be used to enhance the performance of indoor plants for the removal of air pollutants? Atmos Environ 77:267–271
Jaakola M, Yang L, Ieromnimon A, Jaakola J (2007) Office work exposures and respiratory and sick building syndrome symptoms. Occup Environ Med 64:178–184
Kennes C, Veiga MC (2004) Fungal biocatalysts in the bio-filtration of VOC-polluted air. J Biotechnol 113:305–319
Kim KJ, Kil MJ, Song JS, Yoo EH, Son KC, Kays SJ (2008) Efficiency of volatile formaldehyde removal by indoor plants: contribution of aerial plant parts versus the root zone. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 133:1–6
Kwong CW, Chao CYH, Hui KS, Wan MP (2008) Removal of VOCs from indoor environment by ozonation over different porous materials. Atmos Environ 42:2300–2311
Lebrero R, RodrÃguez E, Estrada JM, GarcÃa-Encina PA, Muñoz R (2012) Odor abatement in biotrickling filters: Effect of the EBRT on methyl mercaptan and hydrophobic VOCs removal. Bioresour Technol 109:38–45
Lee J-H, Sim W-K (1999) Biological absorption of SO2 by Korean native indoor plants. In: Burchett MD, Tarran J, Wood R (eds) Towards a new millennium in people-plant relationships—Contributions from the international people-plant symposium, Sydney, July, 1998. UTS Printing Services, Sydney, NSW, Australia, pp 101–108
Lee S-H, Li C, Heber AJ, Ni J, Huang H (2013) Biofiltration of a mixture of ethylene, ammonia, n-butanol, and acetone gases. Bioresour Technol 127:366–377
Llewellyn D, Dixon M (2011) Can plants really improve indoor air quality? In: Murray M-Y (ed) Comprehensive biotechnology, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Burlington, pp 331–338
Lohr VI, Pearson-Mims CH (1996) Particulate matter accumulation on horizontal surfaces in interiors: influence of foliage plants. Atmos Environ 30(14):2565–2568
Lohr VL, Pearson-Mims CH, Goodwin GK (1996) Interior plants may improve worker productivity and reduce stress in a windowless environment. J Environ Hortic 14:97–100
Liu Y-J, Mu Y-J, Zhu Y-G, Ding H, Arens NC (2007) Which ornamental plants species effectively remove benzene from indoor air? Atmos Environ 41:650–654
Lu Y, Liu J, Lu B, Jiang A, Wan C (2010) Study on the removal of indoor VOCs using biotechnology. J Hazard Mater 182:204–209
Lu Y, Liu J, Yoshino H, Lu B, Jiang A, Li F (2012a) Use of biotechnology coupled with bake-out exhaust to remove indoor VOCs. Indoor Built Environ 21:741–748
Lu N, Pei J, Zhao Y, Qi R, Liu J (2012b) Performance of a biological degradation method for indoor formaldehyde removal. Build Environ 57:253–258
McGenity TJ (2014) Hydrocarbon biodegradation in intertidal wetland sediments. Curr Opin Biotechnol 27:46–54
Mendell MJ, Mirer AG, Cheung K, Tong M, Douwes J (2011) Respiratory and Allergic Health Effects of Dampness, Mold, and Dampness. Related Agents: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence. Environ Health Perspect 119:748–756
Milton DK, Glencross PM, Walters MD (2000) Risk of sick leave associated with outdoor air supply rate, humidification, and occupant complaints. Indoor Air 10:212–221
Mittelmark M, Zhang J, Wang Z (2009) Air cleaning technologies for indoor air quality (ACT-IAQ): growing fresh and clean air. final report: centre of excellence-technology application and development (COE-TAD). Syracuse Centre of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems, Syracuse, USA
Mo J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Lamson JJ, Zhao R (2009) Photocatalytic purification of volatile organic compounds in indoor air: a literature review. Atmos Environ 43:2229–2246
Morey PR, Crawford GN, Rottersman RB (2001) Indoor air quality in nonindustrial occupational environments. In: Patty’s Industrial Hygiene. Wiley, New York
Mudliar S, Giri B, Padoley K, Satpute D, Dixit R, Bhatt P, Pandey R, Juwarkar A, Vaidya A (2010) Bioreactors for treatment of VOCs and odours—A review. J Environ Manag 91:1039–1054
Myers J (1954) Basic remarks on the use of plants as biological gas exchangers in a closed system. J Aviat Med 25:407–411
Naturaire (2014) www.naturaire.com. Accessed 14 Feb 2014
Newton P (2001) Human settlements. Australian State of the environment report 2001. CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australia
Norbäck D, Nordström K (2008) Sick building syndrome in relation to air exchange rate, CO2, room temperature and relative air humidity in university computer classrooms: an experimental study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82:21–30
O’Connor B, Carman J, Eckert K, Tucker G, Givney R, Cameron S (2007) Does using potting mix make you sick? Results from a Legionella longbeachae case-control study in South Australia. Epidemiol Infect 135:34–39
Oh G, Jung G, Seo M, Im Y (2011) Experimental study on variations of CO2 concentration in the presence of indoor plants and respiration of experimental animals. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 52:321–329
Ondarts M, Hort C, Sochard S, Platel V, Moynault L, Seby F (2012) Evaluation of compost and a mixture of compost and activated carbon as biofilter media for the treatment of indoor air pollution. Environ Technol 33(3):273–284
Orwell RL, Wood RA, Tarran J, Torpy FR, Burchett M (2004) Removal of benzene by the indoor plant/ substrate microcosm and implications for air quality. Water Air Soil Pollut 157:193–207
Orwell RL, Wood RA, Burchett MD, Tarran J, Torpy F (2006) The potted-plant microcosm substantially reduces indoor air VOC pollution: II. Laboratory study. Water Soil Air Pollut 177:59–80
Patten S, Sur E, Sundaram R, Weinhardt B (2010) Dangers in the garden. The Lancet 376:844
Pasanen AL, Pasanen P, Jantunen MJ, Kalliokoski P (1991) Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spore release into the air. Atmos Environ Part A. Gen Topics 25:459–462
Pennisi SV, van Iersel MW (2012) Qunatification of carbon assimilation of plants in simulated and in situ interiorscapes. HortScience 47:468–476
Pilon-Smits E (2005) Phytoremediation. Annu Rev Plant Biol 56:15–39
Pitkäranta M, Mekin T, Hyvärinen A, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Nevalainen A, Rintala H (2008) Analysis of fungal flora in indoor dust by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, quantitative PCR, and culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 74(1):233–244
Redlich C, Sparer J, Cullen M (1997) Sick-building syndrome. Lancet 349:1013–1016
Rodgers K, Hutzel W, Dana M, Handy R (2012) Can plants save money: a look at the Biowall. In: International high performance buildings conference, West Lafayette, Indiana
Rodgers K, Handy R, Hutzel W (2013) Indoor air quality (IAQ) improvements using bio-filtration in a highly efficient residential home. J Green Build 8(1):22–27
Sakai K, Norbäck D, Mi Y, Shibata E, Kamijima M, Yamada T, Takeuchi Y (2004) A comparison of indoor air pollutants in Japan and Sweden: formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, and chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Environ Res 94:75–85
Sandhu A, Halverson LJ, Beattie GA (2007) Bacterial degradation of airborne phenol in the phyllosphere. Environ Microbiol 9:383–392
Schmitz H, Hilgers U, Weidner M (2000) Assimilation and metabolism of formaldehyde by leaves appear unlikely be of value for indoor air purification. New Phytol 147(2):307–315
Seppänen OA, Fisk WJ (2004) Summary of human responses to ventilation. Indoor Air 14:102–118
Seppänen O, Fisk WJ, Lei QH (2006) Ventilation and performance in office work. Indoor Air 16:28–36
Shaughnessy RJ, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Nevalainen A, Moschandreas D (2006) A preliminary study on the association between ventilation rates in classrooms and student performance. Indoor Air 16:465–468
Singh R, Debarati PD, Jain RK (2006) Biofilms: implications in bioremediation. Trends Microbiol 14:389–397
Soreanu G, Dixon M, Darlington A (2013) Botanical biofiltration of indoor gaseous pollutants—A mini-review. Chem Eng J 229:585–594
Staib F, Tompak B, Thiel D, Blisse A (1978) Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger in two potted ornamental plants, cactus (Epiphyllum truncatum) and clivia (Clivia miniata). Biol Epidemiol Aspects Mycopathol 66:27–30
Summerbell RC, Krajden S, Kane J (1989) Potted plants in hospitals as reservoirs of pathogenic fungi. Mycopathologia 106:13–22
Tans P (2014) NOAA/ESRL. www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/. Accessed 3 Jan 2014
Tarran J, Torpy F, Burchett MD (2007) Use of living pot-plants to cleanse indoor air. Research Review. In: 6th International conference on indoor air quality, ventilation and energy conservation, sustainable built environment, Sendai, Japan, pp 249–256
Treesubsuntorn C, Thiravetyan P (2012) Removal of benzene from indoor air by Dracaena sanderiana: Effect of wax and stomata. Atmos Environ 57:317–321
Torpy FR, Irga PJ, Moldovan D, Tarran J, Burchett MD (2013a) Characterization and biostimulation of benzene biodegradation in the potting-mix of indoor plants. J Appl Hortic 15(1):10–15
Torpy FR, Irga PJ, Brennan J, Burchett MD (2013b) Do indoor plants contribute to the aeromycota in city buildings? Aerobiologia 29:321–331
Torpy FR, Irga PJ, Burchett MD (2014) Profiling indoor plants for the amelioration of high CO2 concentrations. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening Article in press, as corrected proof
Ugrekhelidze D, Korte F, Kvesitadze G (1997) Uptake and transformation of benzene and toluene by plant leaves. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37:24–29
Vaughan TL, Strader C, Davis S, Daling JR (1986) Formaldehyde and cancers of the pharynx, sinus and nasal cavity: II Residential exposures. Int J Cancer 38:685–688
Vergara-Fernández A, Hernández S, Revah S (2008) Phenomenological model of fungal biofilters for the abatement of hydrophobic VOCs. Biotechnol Bioeng 101:1182–1192
Vergara-Fernández A, Molina LL, Pulido NA, Aroca G (2007) Effects of gas flow rate, inlet concentration and temperature on the biofiltration on toluene vapors. J Environ Manag 84:115–122
VerÃssimo A, Vesey G, Rocha GM, Marrão G, Colbourne J, Dennis PJ, da Costa MS (1990) A hot water supply as the source of Legionella pneumophila in incubators of a neonatology unit. J Hosp Infect 15:255–263
Wallace L (2001) Human exposure to volatile organic pollutants: implications for indoor air studies. Annu Rev Energy Env 26:269–301
Wang Z, Zhang JS (2011) Characterization and performance evaluation of a full-scale activated carbon-based dynamic botanical air filtration system for improving indoor air quality. Build Environ 46:758–768
WHO (2000) the right to healthy indoor air. In: Report on a WHO meeting. European Health Targets, Bilthoven
Wolkoff P, Nielsen GD (2001) Organic compounds in indoor air—their relevance for perceived indoor air quality? Atmos Environ 35(26):4407–4417
Wolkoff P (2013) Indoor air pollutants in office environments: assessment of comfort, health, and performance. Int J Hyg Environ Health 216:371–394
Wolverton BC (1997) How to grow fresh air: 50 houseplants that purify your home or office. Penguin Books, New York
Wolverton BC, McDonald RC, Watkins E Jr (1984) Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-Efficient Homes. Econ Bot 38:224–228
Wolverton BC, Johnson A, Bounds K (1989) Interior landscape plants for indoor air pollution abatement. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, David-sonville
Wood RA, Orwell RL, Tarran J, Torpy FR, Burchett MD (2002) Potted-plant/growth media interactions and capacities for removal of volatiles from indoor air. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 77(1):120–129
Wood RA, Burchett MD, Alquezar R, Orwell RL, Tarran J, Torpy F (2006) The potted-plant microcosm substantially reduces indoor air VOC pollution: I Office field-study. Water Air Soil Pollut 175(1–4):163–180
Xu Z, Quin N, Wang J, Tong H (2010) Formaldehyde biofiltration as affected by spider plant. Bioresour Technol 101:6930–6934
Xu Z, Wang L, Hou H (2011) Formaldehyde removal by potted plant–soil systems. J Hazard Mater 192:314–318
Yang DS, Pennisi SV, Son K-C, Kays SJ (2009) Screening indoor plants for volatile organic pollutant removal efficiency. HortScience 44(5):1377–1381
Yoneyama T, Kim HY, Morikawa H, Srivatava HS (2002) Metabolism and detoxification of nitrogen dioxide and ammonia in plants. In: Omasa K, Saji H, Youssefian N, Kondo N (eds) Air pollution and plant biotechnology—Prospects for Phytomonitoring and Phytoremediation. Springer, Tokyo, pp 221–234
Yoo MH, Kwon YJ, Son K-C, Kays SJ (2006) Efficacy of indoor plants for the removal of single and mixed volatile organic pollutants and the physiological effects of the volatiles on the plants. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 131:452–458
Zhang H, Pennisi SV, Kays SJ, Habteselassie MY (2013) Isolation and identification of toluene-metabolizing bacteria from rhizospheres of two indoor plants. Water Air Soil Pollut 224:1648–1662
Zhao J, Yang X (2003) Photocatalytic oxidation for indoor air purification: a literature review. Build Environ 38:645–654
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Torpy, F.R., Irga, P.J., Burchett, M.D. (2015). Reducing Indoor Air Pollutants Through Biotechnology. In: Pacheco Torgal, F., Labrincha, J., Diamanti, M., Yu, CP., Lee, H. (eds) Biotechnologies and Biomimetics for Civil Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09287-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09287-4_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09286-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-09287-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)