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Mechanisms of Circadian Systems in Animals and Their Clinical Relevance pp 289–320Cite as

Effects of Circadian Disruption on Physiology and Pathology: From Bench to Clinic (and Back)

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Abstract

Nested within the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) represent a central biological clock that regulates daily and circadian (i.e., close to 24 h) rhythms in mammals. Besides the SCN, a number of peripheral oscillators throughout the body control local rhythms and are usually kept in pace by the central clock. In order to represent an adaptive value, circadian rhythms must be entrained by environmental signals or zeitgebers, the main one being the daily light–dark (LD) cycle. The SCN adopt a stable phase relationship with the LD cycle that, when challenged, results in abrupt or chronic changes in overt rhythms and, in turn, in physiological, behavioral, and metabolic variables. Changes in entrainment, both acute and chronic, may have severe consequences in human performance and pathological outcome. Indeed, animal models of desynchronization have become a useful tool to understand such changes and to evaluate potential treatments in human subjects. Here we review a number of alterations in circadian entrainment, including jet lag, social jet lag (i.e., desynchronization between body rhythms and normal time schedules), shift work, and exposure to nocturnal light, both in human subjects and in laboratory animals. Finally, we focus on the health consequences related to circadian/entrainment disorders and propose a number of approaches for the management of circadian desynchronization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chronobiology Lab, National University of Quilmes (UNQ)/CONICET, Roque Saénz Peña 352, Bernal, B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Juan J. Chiesa, José M. Duhart, Leandro P. Casiraghi, Natalia Paladino, Ivana L. Bussi & Diego A. Golombek

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  1. Juan J. Chiesa
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  2. José M. Duhart
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  3. Leandro P. Casiraghi
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  4. Natalia Paladino
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  6. Diego A. Golombek
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Correspondence to Diego A. Golombek .

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  1. Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico

    Raúl Aguilar-Roblero

  2. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico

    Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz

  3. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico

    Mária Luisa Fanjul-Moles

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Chiesa, J.J., Duhart, J.M., Casiraghi, L.P., Paladino, N., Bussi, I.L., Golombek, D.A. (2015). Effects of Circadian Disruption on Physiology and Pathology: From Bench to Clinic (and Back). In: Aguilar-Roblero, R., Díaz-Muñoz, M., Fanjul-Moles, M. (eds) Mechanisms of Circadian Systems in Animals and Their Clinical Relevance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08945-4_15

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