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Glutamate Metabolism in the Brain Focusing on Astrocytes

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Book cover Glutamate and ATP at the Interface of Metabolism and Signaling in the Brain

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 11))

Abstract

Metabolism of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter and precursor of GABA, is exceedingly complex and highly compartmentalized in brain. Maintenance of these neurotransmitter pools is strictly dependent on the de novo synthesis of glutamine in astrocytes which requires both the anaplerotic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase and glutamine synthetase. Glutamate is formed directly from glutamine by deamidation via phosphate activated glutaminase a reaction that also yields ammonia. Glutamate plays key roles linking carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well as in nitrogen trafficking and ammonia homeostasis in brain. The anatomical specialization of astrocytic endfeet enables these cells to rapidly and efficiently remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft to maintain homeostasis, and to provide glutamine to replenish neurotransmitter pools in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Since the glutamate–glutamine cycle is an open cycle that actively interfaces with other pathways, the de novo synthesis of glutamine in astrocytes helps to maintain the operation of this cycle. The fine-tuned biochemical specialization of astrocytes allows these cells to respond to subtle changes in neurotransmission by dynamically adjusting their anaplerotic and glycolytic activities, and adjusting the amount of glutamate oxidized for energy relative to direct formation of glutamine, to meet the demands for maintaining neurotransmission. This chapter summarizes the evidence that astrocytes are essential and dynamic partners in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in brain.

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Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe, Lasse K. Bak & Helle S. Waagepetersen

  2. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA

    Susanna Scafidi

  3. Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Room 13-019, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Mary C. McKenna Ph.D.

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  1. Arne Schousboe
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  2. Susanna Scafidi
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  3. Lasse K. Bak
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  4. Helle S. Waagepetersen
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  5. Mary C. McKenna Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Mary C. McKenna Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurobiology CIRC 429, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Vladimir Parpura

  2. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Arne Schousboe

  3. Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Alexei Verkhratsky

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Schousboe, A., Scafidi, S., Bak, L.K., Waagepetersen, H.S., McKenna, M.C. (2014). Glutamate Metabolism in the Brain Focusing on Astrocytes. In: Parpura, V., Schousboe, A., Verkhratsky, A. (eds) Glutamate and ATP at the Interface of Metabolism and Signaling in the Brain. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_2

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