Abstract
A novel biomimetic nanocomposite was synthesized by the sol gel process in order to reduce the main drawbacks of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)-based consolidants, such as crack formation upon the drying process and insufficient bonding to carbonaceous substrates. The reaction route involves the addition of a colloidal solution of synthesized nano-calcium oxalate to TEOS producing a crack-free mesoporous xerogel with pore radius of approximately 15 nm, with application to stone conservation. Calcium oxalate which is the main component found on the patinas, was synthesized by the reaction of calcium hydroxide with oxalic acid in the presence of isopropanol. Finally, n-octylamine was added to the mixture, as surfactant. The effectiveness of the new consolidant was evaluated on bioclastic limestones, which are frequently found in historic and modern architectural structures in the Mediterranean basin. The hygric properties and tensile strength of treated samples were improved without affecting either microstructural characteristics or causing phenomena of overstrengthening.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Blesa, M. J., Miranda, J. L., & Moliner, R. (2003). Micro FTIR study of the blend of humates with calcium hydroxide used to prepare smokeless fuel briquettes. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 33, 31–35.
D’Armada, P., Hirst, E. (2012). Nano-lime for the consolidation of plaster and stone. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 18 (1).
Doehne, E., & Price, C. A. (2010). Stone conservation: An overview of current research (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
Escalante, M. R., Flatt, R., Scherer, G. W., Tsiourva, D., & Moropoulou, A. (2002). Particle-modified consolidants. In E. Galán, F. Zezza, & A. A. Balkema (Eds.), Protection and conservation of the cultural heritage of the mediterranean cities (pp. 425–429). Lisse: Balkema.
Favaro, M., Tomasin, P., Ossola, F., & Vigato, P. A. (2008). A novel approach to consolidation of historical limestone: the calcium alkoxides. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 22, 698–704.
Ferreira Pinto, A. P., & Delgado Rodrigues, J. (2008). Stone consolidation: The role of treatment procedures. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 9(1), 38–53.
Gregg, S. J., & Sing, K. S. W. (1982). Adsorption, surface area and porosity (2nd ed.). London: Academic Press.
Maravelaki, P., Verganelaki, A., et al. (2011). Method for the production of nano-oxalic silicon gel with application on building materials. Industrial Property Organization. No. 1007392. 54.
Miliani, C., Velo-Simpson, M. L., & Scherer, G. W. (2007). Particle-modified consolidants: A study on the effect of particles on sol-gel properties and consolidation effectiveness. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 8, 1–6.
Mosquera, M. J., de los Santos, D. M., Montes, A., & Valdez-Castro, L. (2008a). New nanomaterials for consolidating stone. Langmuir, 24, 2772–2778.
Mosquera, M. J., Montes, A., & de los Santos, D. M. (2008b). Method of strengthening stone and other construction materials. US2008/0209847 A1.
Mosquera, M. J., de los Santos, D. M., & Rivas, T. (2010). Surfactant-synthesized ormosils with application to stone restoration. Langmuir, 26, 6737–6745.
Ossola, F., Patrizia Tomasin, P., De Zorzi, C., Habra, N., Chiurato, M., & Favaro, M. (2012). New calcium alkoxides for consolidation of carbonate rocks. Influence of precursors’ characteristics on morphology, crystalline phase and consolidation effects. New Journal of Chemistry, 36, 2618–2624.
Petrov, I., & Soptrajanov, B. (1975). Infrared spectrum of whewellite. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 31, 309–316.
Rubio, F., Rbio, J., & Oteo, J. L. (1998). A FT-IR study of the hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). Spectroscopy Letters, 31, 199–219.
Sassoni, E., Naidu, S., & Scherer, G. W. (2011). The use of hydroxyapatite as a new inorganic consolidant for damaged carbonate stones. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12, 346–355.
Scherer, G. W. (1990). Theory of drying. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 73, 3–14.
Schmelz, M. J., Miyazawa, T., & Mizushima, S. (1957). Infrared absorption spectra of inorganic co-ordination complexes-IX infrared spectra of oxalate complexes. Spectrochimica Acta, 9, 51–58.
UNI EN 15801:2010. (2009). Conservation of Cultural Property-Test Methods-Determination of water absorption by capillarity. Ufficial Italian version of EN 15801:2009, European Standard emitted by CEN, technical body CEN/TC 346—Conservation of cultural property. Date of availability (DAV) 2009-12-09.
UNI EN 15803:2010. (2009). Conservation of Cultural Property-Test Methods-Determination of water vapour permeability (dp). Ufficial Italian version of EN 15803:2009 European Standard emitted by CEN, technical body CEN/TC 346-Conservation of cultural property, Date of availability (DAV) 2009-12-09.
Verganelaki, A., Maravelaki, P., et al. (2014). A biomimetic approach to strengthen and protect construction materials with a novel Calcium-oxalate-Silica nanocomposite. Construction and Building Materials, 62, 8–17.
Zendri, E., Biscontin, G., Nardini, I., & Riato, S. (2007). Characterization and reactivity of silicatic consolidants. Construction and Building Materials, 21, 1098–1106.
Acknowledgments
The present work was funded by Synergasia 2009 programme (project code: 09SYN-42-789) and was cofounded by the European Regional Development Fund and national resources.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Verganelaki, A., Maravelaki, N., Kilikoglou, V., Karatasios, I., Arampatzis, I., Siamos, K. (2015). Characterization of a Newly Synthesized Calcium Oxalate-Silica Nanocomposite and Evaluation of Its Consolidation Effect on Limestones. In: Toniolo, L., Boriani, M., Guidi, G. (eds) Built Heritage: Monitoring Conservation Management. Research for Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08533-3_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08533-3_33
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08532-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08533-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)