Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Women and Children as Victims and Offenders: Background, Prevention, Reintegration pp 427–478Cite as

Global Homicide Mortality Trends by Gender 1950–2010

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Most large scale comparative studies on homicide analyses total victimisation rates. Well-known exceptions include historical data-series from Veli Verkko, which showed that the higher the level of violence, the smaller the share of female victims and perpetrators. Consequently also the increases and decreases in lethal violence touch more male victims and perpetrators than female victims and perpetrators. This chapter tests these hypotheses and discusses the current differences in male and female homicide mortality levels with the most extensive available data today. The contribution draws a detailed picture of female and male homicide trends across regions and countries from 1950 to 2010. It furthermore explores the associations between femicide and homicide rates and female-male victimisation ratios and different socio-economic, political and cultural factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See for example (Dunstall 2004; Eisner 2003; Gurr 1981; Gurr 1989; von Hofer 2008; Lindström 2008; Lehti 2001; McClintock 1963; Sharpe 1996; Wikström 1992; Ylikangas 1998; Zahn 1989; Zahn and McCall 1999).

  2. 2.

    See www.optula.om.fi/fi/index/julkaisut/verkkokatsauksia-sarja/nrilpcomparativehomicidetimeseriesnrilp-chts.homicidetrendsfrom1950until2012.html. For details, see Lehti 2013.

  3. 3.

    Information on infant homicides is especially unreliable in both COD and criminal justice statistics (Yarwood 2004; Eisner 2008; Tursz and Cook 2011; Höynck et al. 2012).

  4. 4.

    During the period we examined all the included countries used ICD-classification (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, published by the World Health Organization) or its national adaptations in their cause-of-death statistics. The ICD-classification changed three times during the review period: from ICD-7 to ICD-8 in 1968–1970, from ICD-8 to ICD-9 in 1979–1995, and from ICD-9 to ICD-10 in the years following 1994. The changes took place in different years in different countries. Changes in the definition of a death caused by an intentional assault in all four classifications were, however, negligible. Earlier analyses suggest that the first classification change from ICD-7 to ICD-8 influenced infanticide levels but not other child or adult homicide levels in some industrialised countries (Jason et al. 1983). The later classification changes seem not to have had any effect even on infanticide levels (Ellonen et al. 2014).

  5. 5.

    These kinds of changes when known have been reported in the detailed data source descriptions (see Lehti 2013).

  6. 6.

    For example, in Norway, infanticides made up in the 1880s 73 %, in the 1950s 7 %, in the 2000s 2 % of female homicide deaths; in Switzerland the figures for the 1950s and 2000s were 28 % and 4 %, in Sweden 10 % and 2 %, and in England and Wales 11 % and 2 %.

  7. 7.

    If infanticides have been included in the data, a note has been added.

  8. 8.

    The rates have been weighted by the mean population of 2010. The unweighted mortality rates show the mean of the national rates of each sub-region, while the weighted rates show the homicide rate of the whole sub-region.

  9. 9.

    Countries with mean annual population below 100,000 in 2000–2010 have been excluded.

  10. 10.

    According to Turkish police statistics the general homicide rate was 7.8-fold higher than the level shown by published COD statistics in 2003–2010. If we adjust the COD statistics levels accordingly, annual female homicide mortality would have been appr. 1.5 per 100,000 women and male mortality appr. 6.5 per 100,000 men during the period.

  11. 11.

    See for details, Lappi-Seppälä and Lehti (2015). For a longer term analyses in mostly European countries, see Eisner 2008.

  12. 12.

    The time series of Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine begin in the 1960s. For these countries the comparisons have been made between the mean annual levels of the 1960s and the 2000s.

  13. 13.

    Our data cover the years 2000–2006, data of the last years of the 2000s (when hostilities broke out again) have not yet been published.

  14. 14.

    These are unweighted means for the whole group of Latin American countries in Table 3.

  15. 15.

    There were several such crises in the studied group, as examples of armed conflicts we used the period of armed resistance in Estonia (1947–1949), the Algerian war in France (1954–1962), the Hungarian revolution (October–November 1956), the conflict in Northern Ireland (1968–1998), the War of Attrition (March, 1969–August, 1970) and second Intifada (2000–2005) in Israel, the first phase of the Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2001), and the Colombian crises of the post-Second World War period. As examples of political crises we used the Stalinist period (1950–1953) in Estonia, and the regime changes in Central Europe, Baltic countries, and Eastern Europe in the late-1980s and during the 1990s.

  16. 16.

    There were, however, a few exceptions from this rule: the period of armed resistance in Estonia in the 1940s, the period of La Violencia in Colombia from the 1940s until the 1960s, and the second Intifada in Israel in the 2000s increased male and female homicide mortality more or less evenly.

  17. 17.

    The latter was counted for the first time 2010 and it replaces previous GEM and GDI indexes.. Reproductive health covers Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and the adolescent fertility rate (AFR). With a low MMR, it is implied that pregnant women have access to adequate health needs, therefore the MMR is a good measure of women's access to health care. A high AFR, which measures early childbearing, results in health risks for mothers and infants as well as a lack of higher education attainment. The empowerment dimension is measured by the share of national parliamentary seats held by each sex and higher education attainment levels. Access to higher education expands women’s freedom by increasing their ability to question and increases their access to information which expands their public involvement. The labor market dimension is measured by women’s participation in the workforce. This dimension accounts for paid work, unpaid work, and actively looking for work.

References

  • Aebi, M. F., & Linde, A. (2012). Crime trends in Western Europe according to official statistics from 1990 to 2007. In J. van Dijk, A. Tseloni, & G. Farrell (Eds.), The international crime drop: New trends in research (pp. 37–75). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., &Wacziarg, R. (2002). Fractionalization (NBER Working Paper Series 9411). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9411

  • Chon, D. S. (2013). A spurious relationship of gender equality with female homicide victimization: A cross-national analysis. Crime & Delinquency. First published on 12 July 2013 as doi: 10.1177/0011128713492497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunstall, G. (2004). Frontier and/or cultural fragment? Interpretations of violence in colonial New Zealand. Social History, 29(1), 59–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, M. (2003). Long-term historical trend in violent crime. In: Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 30, pp. 83–142). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, M. (2008). Modernity strikes back? A historical perspective on the latest increase in interpersonal violence (1960–1990). International Journal of Conflict and Violence., 2(2), 288–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellonen, N., Kääriäinen, J., Lehti, M., & Aaltonen, M. (2014). Trends of infanticides 1960–2009: Comparisons between 28 countries. Unpublished manuscript, available from the NRILP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, R. (1990). The victims of homicide: A temporal and cross-national comparison. American Sociological Review, 55, 92–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granath, S., Hagstedt, J., Kivivuori, J., Lehti, M., Ganpat, S., Liem, M., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2011). Homicide in Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. A First Study on the European Homicide Monitor Data. The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention Research Report 2011:15. Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tutkimuksia 259. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, T. R. (1981). Historical trends in violent crime: A critical review of the evidence (Crime and Justice Vol. 3). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, T. R. (1989). Historical trends in violent crime: Europe and the United States. Violence in America 1: The history of crime. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Höynck, T., Zähringer, U., & Behnsen, M. (2012). Neonatizid. Expertise im Rahmen des Projekts “Anonyme Geburt und Babyklappen in Deutschland—Fallzahlen, Angebote, Kontexte”. München: Deutsches Jugendinstitut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jason, J., Carpenter, M. M., & Tyler, C. W., Jr. (1983). Underrecording of infant homicide in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 73(2), 195–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2006) Governance matters V: Aggregate and individual governance indicators for 1996–2005 (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4012). Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivivuori, J., & Lehti, M. (2011). Homicide in Finland and Sweden. In M. Tonry, & T. Lappi-Seppälä (Eds.), Crime and justice in scandinavia (Crime and Justice Vol. 40). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lappi-Seppälä, T., & Lehti, M. (2015). Cross-comparative perspectives on global homicide trends. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Why crime rates fall, and why they don’t (Crime and Justice Vol) Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehti, M. (2001). Homicide trends in Finland and Estonia in 1880–1940: Consequences of the demographic, social and political effects of industrialization. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 2/2001, 50–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehti, M. (2013). NRILP comparative homicide time series (NRILP-CHTS) (National Research Institute of Legal Policy Research Brief 32/2013). Helsinki: National Research Institute of Legal Policy. http://www.optula.om.fi/1368802881488

  • Lindström, D. (2008). Homicide in Scandinavia: Long-term trends and their interpretations. In S. Body-Gendrot, & P. Spierenburg (Eds.), Violence in Europe: Historical and contemporary perspectives. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, I. H., & Summers, D. L. (2012). Contemporary differences in rates and trends of homicide among European nations. In M. Liem & W. Pridemore (Eds.), Handbook of European homicide research (pp. 39–69). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, F. H. (1963). Crimes of violence: An enquiry by the Cambridge institute of criminology into crimes of violence against the person in London (Cambridge Studies in Criminology XVIII). London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meslé, F., Shkolnikov, V. M., Hertrich, V., & Vallin, J. (1996). Tendances récentes de la mortalité par cause en Russie 1965–1994. Paris: INED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meslé, F., & Vallin, J. (2012). Mortality and causes of death in 20th century Ukraine. Paris: INED.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouimet, M. (2012). A world of homicides: The effect of economic development, income inequality, and excess infant mortality on the homicide rate for 165 countries in 2010. Homicide Studies: An Interdisciplinary and International Journal, 16(3), 238–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharpe, J. A. (1996). Crime in England: Long-term trends and the problem of modernization. In E. A. Johnson, & E. H. Monkkonen (Eds.), The civilization of crime: Violence in town and country since the middle ages. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit, P. R., de Jong, R. R., & Bijleveld, C. C. J. H. (2012). Homicide data in Europe: Definitions, sources, and statistics. In M. C. A. Liem, & W. A. Pridemore (Eds.), Handbook of European homicide research: Patterns, explanations, and country studies (pp. 5–24). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spierenburg, P. (2012). Long-term historical trends of homicide in Europe. In M. C. A. Liem, & W. A. Pridemore (Eds.), Handbook of European homicide research: Patterns, explanations, and country studies (pp. 25–38). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamatel, J. P. (2014). Explaining variations in female homicide victimization rates across Europe. European Journal of Criminology, 11(5), 578–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stöckl, H., Devries, K., Rotstein, A., Abrahams, N., Campbell, J., Watts, C., & Moreno, C. G. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review. Lancet, 382, 859–865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trent C. L. S., & Pridemore, A. (2012). A Review of the cross-national empirical literature on social structure and homicide. In M. C. A. Liem, & W. A. Pridemore (Eds.), Handbook of European homicide research: Patterns, explanations, and country studies (pp. 111–136). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tursz, A., & Cook, J. M. (2011). A population-based survey of neonaticides using judicial data. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 96(4), F259–F263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNODC. (2011). Global study on homicide: Trends, contexts, data. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNODC. (2013). Global study on homicide: Trends, contexts, data. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkko, V. (1931a). Henki- ja pahoinpitelyrikollisuuden kehityssuunnan ja tason määräytymisestä I. Tilastollis metodologinen tutkimus. Helsinki: Valtioneuvoston Kirjapaino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkko, V. (1931b). Henki- ja pahoinpitelyrikollisuuden kehityssuunnan ja tason määräytymisestä II. Tilastollis metodologinen tutkimus. Helsinki: Valtioneuvoston Kirjapaino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkko, V. (1951). Homicides and suicides in Finland and their dependence on national character (Scandinavian studies in sociology Vol. 3). Köbenhavn: G. E. C. Gads Forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Hofer, H. (2008). Brott och Straff i Sverige: Historisk kriminalstatistik 1750–2005: Diagram, tabeller och kommentarer. Stockholm: Kriminologiska Institutionen Stockholms Universitet.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Hofer, H., & Lappi-Seppälä, T. (2014). The development of crime in light of finnish and Swedish criminal justice statistics, ca. 1750–2010. European Journal of Criminology, 11(2), 169–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikström, P.-O. (1992). Context-specific trends in criminal homicide in Stockholm 1951–1987. Studies on Crime & Crime Prevention, 1/1992, 88–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarwood, D. J. (2004). Child homicide: Review of statistics and studies. Dewar Research. Available at: www.dewar4research.org (retrieved in 31.10.2013).

  • Ylikangas, H. (1998). The knife fighters: Violent crime in Southern Ostrobothnia 1790–1825. (Suomen tiedeakatemian toimituksia, Humaniora 293). Helsinki: Suomen tiedeakatemia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn, M. A. (1989). Homicide in the twentieth century: Trends, types, and causes. In T. R. Gurr (Ed.), Violence in America 1: The history of crime (pp. 216–234). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahn, M. A., & McCall, P. L. (1999). Homicide in the 20th-century United States: Trends and patterns. In M. D. Smith, & M. A. Zahn (Eds.), Studying and preventing homicide: Issues and challenges. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Tapio Lappi-Seppälä & Martti Lehti

Authors
  1. Tapio Lappi-Seppälä
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martti Lehti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tapio Lappi-Seppälä .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Heuweiler, Germany

    Helmut Kury

  2. Faculty of Law, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Sławomir Redo

  3. Zurich, Switzerland

    Evelyn Shea

Appendix

Appendix

Table 9 sources

Total homicide rates and male and female mean homicide mortality rates by continents and regions (victims per 100,000 total population, men and women)

Continent

Country

Homicide

Males

Females

Female/Male

Years

Sub-region

 

2004–2012

  

Ratio

Female/Male

Europe

Scandinavia

Denmark

0.8

1.03

0.55

0.53

2009–2011

Finland

2.1

2.87

1.02

0.36

2009–2011

Iceland

0.7

0.91

0.13

0.14

2005–2009

Norway

0.9

0.76

0.52

0.68

2009–2010, 2012

Sweden

0.9

1.08

0.45

0.42

2010–2012

All

1.1

1.3

0.5

0.40

 

France/Benelux

Belgium

1.4

1.62

1.00

0.62

2007–2009

France

0.7

0.88

0.48

0.55

2007–2009

Luxembourg

1.3

2.11

0.72

0.34

2007–2011

Monaco

2.8

1.22

1.22

1.00

2003–2012

Netherlands

0.9

1.12

0.61

0.54

2010–2012

All

1.4

1.4

0.8

0.58

 

German speaking Europe

Austria

0.6

0.48

0.52

1.08

2010–2012

Germany

0.7

0.57

0.53

0.93

2009–2011

Liechtenstein

2.8

1.19

0.00

0.00

2004–2012

Switzerland

0.7

0.59

0.57

0.97

2008–2010

All

1.2

0.7

0.4

0.57

 

British Isles

England and Wales

1.3

0.74

0.38

0.51

2010–2012

Guernsey (UK)

0.3

0.33

0.32

0.97

2003–2012

Ireland

0.8

1.34

0.25

0.19

2010–2012

Isle of Man (UK)

2.1

0.70

1.00

1.43

2003–2012

Jersey (UK)

3.5

0.69

1.62

2.35

2004–2012

Northern Ireland

1.6

2.53

0.69

0.27

2009–2011

Scotland

2.0

2.24

0.58

0.26

2010–2012

All

1.9

1.2

0.7

0.56

 

Southwest Europe

Andorra

1.3

1.87

0.00

0.00

2001–2004

Gibraltar (UK)

3.5

1.19

1.16

0.97

2007–2012

Italy

0.9

1.23

0.44

0.36

2008–2010

Malta

0.9

1.07

0.58

0.54

2007–2011

Portugal

1.2

1.47

0.66

0.45

2009–2011

Spain

0.9

1.00

0.45

0.45

2009–2011

All

1.5

1.3

0.5

0.42

 

Southeast Europe

Albania

3.3

4.05

1.14

0.28

2007–2009

Bosnia and Herzegovina

1.6

    

Croatia

1.5

1.44

1.09

0.76

2009–2011

Cyprus

1.4

1.78

0.71

0.40

2007–2011

Greece

1.1

2.01

0.66

0.33

2007–2009

Kosovo/Kos

1.1

1.99

0.35

0.18

2007–2011

Macedonia

2.1

2.36

0.94

0.40

2009–2011

Montenegro

2.0

3.45

1.07

0.31

2005–2009

Northern Cyprus

2.2

4.02

1.79

0.45

2001–2010

Serbia

2.2

2.57

1.13

0.44

2009–2011

Slovenia

0.9

0.59

0.52

0.88

2008–2010

Turkey

0.5

0.81

0.18

0.22

2006–2008

All

1.7

2.3

0.9

0.38

 

Baltic

Estonia

6.6

7.95

2.16

0.27

2010–2012

Latvia

8.0

10.03

3.22

0.32

2010–2012

Lithuania

6.7

7.63

2.68

0.35

2010–2012

All

2.7

3.5

1.2

0.35

 

Central and Eastern Europe

Bulgaria

1.9

2.37

0.88

0.37

2009–2011

Czech Republic

0.9

0.99

0.70

0.71

2009–2011

Hungary

1.8

1.87

1.20

0.64

2010–2012

Poland

1.3

1.48

0.60

0.41

2009–2011

Romania

2.4

3.03

1.47

0.49

2009–2011

Slovakia

1.4

1.53

0.90

0.59

2008–2010

All

1.6

1.9

1.0

0.51

 

Eastern Europe (Former Soviet Region)

Armenia

1.6

2.33

0.54

0.23

2009–2011

Azerbaijan

1.9

3.95

0.84

0.21

2002–2004

Belarus

7.4

9.54

3.91

0.41

2007–2009

Georgia

1.2

1.18

0.27

0.23

2007, 2009, 2010

Moldova

7.0

8.99

3.84

0.43

2009–2011

Russian Federation

19.2

24.28

6.86

0.28

2008–2010

Ukraine

7.9

9.24

3.45

0.37

2009–2011

All

6.6

8.5

2.8

0.33

 

Africa

North Africa

Algeria

8.4

    

Egypt

0.8

    

Libya

2.9

    

Morocco

1.5

    

Sudan

26.4

    

Tunisia

1.4

    

All

6.9

    

Central Africa

Angola

27.5

    

Cameroon

17.9

    

Central African Republic

29.2

    

Chad

17.4

    

Congo (Dem Repub of)

24.8

    

Gabon

15.5

    

Sao Tome e Principe

3.7

    

All

19.4

    

East Africa

Burundi

28.6

    

Comoros

10.8

    

Djibouti

3.5

    

Eritrea

16.9

    

Ethiopia

22.4

    

Kenya

4.0

    

Madagascar

9.9

    

Malawi

27.0

    

Mauritius

3.7

4.94

1.85

0.37

2009–2011

Mayotte

1.9

    

Mozambique

14.5

    

Rodriques

4.0

3.35

2.79

0.83

2001–2011

Reunion

2.0

2.35

1.27

0.54

2001–2009

Rwanda

21.9

    

Seychelles

6.0

9.91

2.64

0.27

2001–2009

Tanzania

7.8

    

Uganda

7.3

    

All

11.3

5.1

2.1

0.42

 

West Africa

Benin

14.0

    

Burkina Faso

18.1

    

Cape Verde

11.9

    

Cote D'Ivoire

51.3

    

Equatorial Guinea

22.4

    

Gambia

12.2

    

Ghana

13.7

    

Guinea Bissau

18.3

    

Liberia

13.5

    

Mali

13.0

    

Mauritania

15.0

    

Niger

12.0

    

Nigeria

15.0

    

Republic of Guinea

19.9

    

Saint Helene

17.9

    

Senegal

11.5

    

Sierra Leone

24.5

    

Togo

12.3

    

South Africa

Botswana

11.7

    

Lesotho

18.1

    

Namibia

20.1

    

South Africa

36.7

18.66

2.72

0.15

2004–2009

Swaziland

31.1

    

Zambia

30.5

    

Zimbabwe

23.6

    

All

24.5

18.7

2.7

0.15

 

Americas

North America

Bermuda (UK)

2.3

1.52

0.61

0.40

1999–2008

Canada

1.6

2.51

0.78

0.31

2007–2009

Greenland

14.7

    

USA

5.7

8.80

2.32

0.26

2008–2010

All

6.1

4.3

1.2

0.29

 

Central America

Belize

16.3

30.26

5.17

0.17

2005–2009

Costa Rica

8.8

16.27

2.37

0.15

2010–2012

El Salvador

50.5

98.52

11.17

0.11

2007–2009

Guatemala

35.4

67.23

8.01

0.12

2007–2009

Honduras

50.1

    

Mexico

13.6

38.62

3.91

0.10

2009–2011

Nicaragua

9.1

15.60

1.70

0.10

2008–2010

Panama

15.0

33.25

3.47

0.10

2007–2009

All

24.9

42.8

5.1

0.12

 

South America

Argentina

5.5

7.75

1.38

0.18

2007–2009

Bolivia

7.2

    

Brazil

25.2

47.15

4.04

0.09

2007–2009

Chile

5.1

8.37

1.15

0.14

2007–2009

Colombia

41.5

97.40

8.30

0.09

2008–2010

Ecuador

18.8

30.18

2.75

0.09

2008–2010

French Guyane

9.1

17.00

2.00

0.12

2005–2009

Guyana

16.5

27.15

6.21

0.23

2006–2008

Paraguay

11.0

18.30

1.50

0.08

2007–2009

Peru

1.7

2.75

0.51

0.19

2005–2007

Suriname

4.3

6.14

2.17

0.35

2000–2009

Uruguay

4.7

7.74

1.97

0.25

2007–2009

Venezuela

30.9

60.07

3.44

0.06

2005–2007

All

14.0

27.5

3.0

0.11

 

Caribbean

Anguila

18.6

11.97

1.71

0.14

2000–2009

Antigua and Barbuda

4.9

5.43

1.48

0.27

2000–2009

Aruba

5.1

5.57

1.65

0.30

2000–2009

Bahamas

19.2

36.86

4.18

0.11

2005–2008

Barbados

12.5

18.19

3.88

0.21

2000–2008

Cayman

8.0

10.00

3.18

0.32

1999–2009

Cuba

5.3

6.99

2.37

0.34

2008–2010

Dominica

6.9

10.00

2.22

0.22

2001–2010

Dominican Republic

20.7

45.19

4.09

0.09

2009–2011

Grenada

1.2

0.57

0.75

1.32

2001–2010

Guadeloupe

3.4

5.04

1.33

0.26

2004–2009

Haiti

14.5

    

Jamaica

53.5

80.36

9.49

0.12

2010–2012

Martinique

3.5

5.04

1.38

0.27

2004–2009

Montserrat

21.1

12.00

0.00

0.00

2001–2010

Puerto Rico

21.8

36.22

2.40

0.07

2005–2007

St Lucia

12.5

26.54

9.58

0.36

1998–2008

St Vincent and the Grenadines

18.4

26.00

6.11

0.24

2001–2010

St. Kitts and Nevis

16.0

21.25

0.83

0.04

1999–2008

Trinidad and Tobago

32.6

44.20

5.50

0.11

2006–2008

Turks and Caicos

9.0

4.29

1.43

0.33

2000–2009

Virgin Islands (UK)

13.3

5.38

3.08

0.57

1998–2009

Virgin Islands (USA)

28.5

56.11

5.56

0.10

1998–2007

All

15.2

21.5

3.3

0.15

 

Asia

Central Asia (Former Soviet Region)

Kazakhstan

12.4

16.26

4.24

0.26

2008–2010

Kyrgyzstan

6.4

9.50

2.65

0.28

2008–2010

Tajikistan

2.1

3.62

1.01

0.28

2003–2005

Turkmenistan

11.8

9.93

1.97

0.20

1996–2098

Uzbekistan

2.6

3.61

1.25

0.35

2003–2005

 

7.1

8.6

2.2

0.26

 

Middle East

Bahrain

0.2

0.25

0.08

0.32

2000–2009

Iran

2.0

    

Iraq

4.4

    

Israel

2.3

3.21

0.84

0.26

2008–2010

Jordan

7.0

3.22

0.99

0.31

2008–2009

Kuwait

2.0

0.94

0.15

0.16

2009–2011

Lebanon

3.1

    

Palestine

3.6

5.56

0.30

0.05

2008–2009

Qatar

0.7

    

Saudi Arabia

1.1

    

Syria

2.5

    

United Arab Emirates

0.8

    

Yemen

2.3

    

All

2.5

2.6

0.5

0.18

 

Southcentral Asia

Afghanistan

3.4

    

Bangladesh

2.7

    

Bhutan

1.4

    

India

2.9

    

Maldives

0.5

0.39

0.20

0.51

2001–2011

Nepal

3.0

    

Pakistan

6.6

    

Sri Lanka

6.2

6.08

1.18

0.19

2004–2006

All

3.3

3.2

0.7

0.21

 

East Asia

China

1.4

    

Hong Kong

0.5

0.39

0.53

1.36

2009–2011

Japan

0.4

0.37

0.33

0.89

2009–2011

Macau

1.6

1.28

1.52

1.19

2003–2008

Mongolia

11.9

22.37

3.95

0.18

2006–2008

North Korea

17.1

    

South Korea

1.5

1.41

1.16

0.82

2009–2011

Taiwan

0.8

0.94

0.43

0.46

2009–2011

All

35.2

26.8

7.9

0.30

 

Southeast Asia

Brunei Darussalam

3.6

3.61

1.66

0.46

2002–2009

Cambodia

3.7

    

Indonesia

8.5

    

Laos

5.0

    

Malaysia

1.6

1.67

0.37

0.22

2006–2008

Myanmar

1.6

    

Philippines

17.5

25.35

2.33

0.09

2008

Singapore

0.4

0.49

0.18

0.37

2009–2011

Thailand

5.4

8.67

1.20

0.14

2004–2006

Timor-Leste

9.3

    

Vietnam

2.7

    

All

5.4

8.0

1.1

0.14

 

Oceania

 

American Samoa

3.4

    
 

Australia

0.9

1.24

0.60

0.48

2009–2011

 

Cook Islands

5.1

    
 

Fiji

3.1

2.26

3.58

1.58

2006–2008

 

French Polynesia

2.1

0.98

0.49

0.50

1999–2005

 

Guam

3.0

    
 

Kiribati

6.9

1.95

0.00

0.00

1992–2001

 

Marshall Islands

1.8

    
 

Micronesia

0.9

    
 

Nauru

9.9

    
 

New Caledonia

2.4

8.53

1.90

0.22

1999–2002

 

New Zealand

1.5

1.87

1.13

0.60

2007–2009

 

Norfolk Island

55.6

10.53

10.53

1.00

2003–2012

 

Palau

0.9

    
 

Papua New Guinea

14.2

    
 

Samoa

2.1

    
 

Solomon Islands

1.3

    
 

Tonga

1.0

0.49

0.00

0.00

2000–2007

 

Tuvalu

9.0

    
 

Vanuatu

1.0

    
 

All

6.3

3.5

2.3

0.65

 

Total

 

6.3

10.76

1.97

0.18

 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lappi-Seppälä, T., Lehti, M. (2016). Global Homicide Mortality Trends by Gender 1950–2010. In: Kury, H., Redo, S., Shea, E. (eds) Women and Children as Victims and Offenders: Background, Prevention, Reintegration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08398-8_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08398-8_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08397-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08398-8

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation