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Reviewing Theories of Gender and Migration: Perspectives from Europe and North America

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Book cover Global and Asian Perspectives on International Migration

Part of the book series: Global Migration Issues ((IOMS,volume 4))

Abstract

The chapter reviews theoretical approaches to the study of women, gender and migration in Europe and North America since the 1970s, and in particular, the continuities and new directions that have developed in the past two decades. In this latter period, this literature increasingly engaged with and sought to engender concepts of globalization and transnationalism. Gender too was incorporated as an analytical category in our understanding of the processes and different spatio-temporal outcomes of migration. The chapter critically examines some of the concepts that have come to dominate the literature and highlights some of the absences and exclusions in their analyses. The global chains of care, for example, derived from empirical studies of Asian female migration to Europe and North America, served as an explanation of the international division of reproductive labor between the global South and North. Engendering transnationalism developed a framework based on the notion of gendered geographies of power highlighting diversities of social locations derived from intersecting hierarchies of gender, ethnicity/race/nationality, class and sexuality. The movement between two places and societies has raised the issue of changing gender ideologies and relations which could be studied through a framework of changing gender orders. However, the chapter concludes that despite the advances in theoretical analyses, the growing interest in migration, change and social transformation has yet to incorporate the gender dimension.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Our project (Kofman, Lloyd and Sales) Civic Stratification, Exclusion and Migratory Trajectories in Three European States (1999–2001) covered two broad groups (former Yugoslavs and Turkish speakers) who had to varying degrees been formed through asylum flows.

  2. 2.

    Rhacel Parrenas (2009) has questioned the insistence of some of the leading feminists to only discuss gender, maintaining that it is possible to study gender through a focus on women if we wish to.

  3. 3.

    Baldassar and Baldock (2000) had earlier sought to bring together studies of the family and migration through care of parents.

  4. 4.

    There is a vast literature on intersectionality, a term that has become a buzzword in the past decade (Nash 2008) though the idea of interlocking and interacting social divisions has a longer history based on the triad of gender, race and class. The gendered transnational literature, though referring to fluid and multiple identities, has not really theorized it.

  5. 5.

    Entrepreneurs are also important in institutionalized migrations.

  6. 6.

    Much of the literature is concerned with deskilling of skilled women, especially those entering through family migration routes. Here we find the application of Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital to transnational migrations useful (Erel 2010).

  7. 7.

    There is an assumption that the flow is primarily from South to North yet evidence shows other directions are also significant. So while South-North is the largest with about 40 % of flows, South-South nonetheless accounts for at least a third of migratory flows. Given the significance of informal movements, the percentage may be even higher (IOM 2013, pp. 55–56).

  8. 8.

    There is a growing literature on gender and remittances and the meaning of social remittances, a term coined by Peggy Levitt (Levitt and Lamba-Nieves 2011), which I shall not discuss in this paper.

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  1. Middlesex University, London, UK

    Eleonore Kofman

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  1. Scalabrini Migration Center, Quezon City, Philippines

    Graziano Battistella

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Kofman, E. (2014). Reviewing Theories of Gender and Migration: Perspectives from Europe and North America. In: Battistella, G. (eds) Global and Asian Perspectives on International Migration. Global Migration Issues, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08317-9_6

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