Abstract
I argue that a model in which parents act with subjective rationality is consistent with the evidence on parenting styles, investments, and child development described by Kalil (Chap. 5). By rationality, I mean that investment in children and parenting style choices can be explained by a model of optimization under constraints. By subjective, I mean that parents rely on their own assessments about the constraints in order to make choices. Data that motivate these assumptions and confirm the implications of the model are presented. The model generates new insights about policies to foster the development of children’s human capital.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
A helpful survey of the literature I present in the next two paragraphs is provided by Small (1999).
References
Aizer, A. & Stroud, L. (2010). Education, medical knowledge and the evolution of disparities in health (NBER working paper no. 15840). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Alwin, D. F. (1984). Trends in parental socialization values: Detroit, 1958–1983. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 359–382.
Becker, G., & Tomes, N. (1986). Child endowments and the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Political Economy, 84, S143–S162.
Bergman, P. (2013). The more you know: Evidence from a field experiment on parent-child information frictions and human capital investment (Columbia University working paper). Retrieved from http://peterlsb.bol.ucla.edu/PBergmanJMP3-13.pdf
Cunha, F., Elo, I., & Culhane, J. (2013). Eliciting maternal expectations about the technology of skill formation (NBER working paper no. 19144). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Cunha, F., Heckman, J., & Schennach, S. (2010). Estimating the technology of cognitive and noncognitive skill formation. Econometrica, 78, 883–931.
Epstein, A. S. (1979). Pregnant teenagers’ knowledge of infant development (working paper) Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED176875.pdf
Fitzsimons, E., Malde, B. Mesnard, A., & Vera-Hernández, M. (2012). Household responses to information on child nutrition: Experimental evidence from Malawi (IFS working paper W12/07). London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Retrieved from http://www.ifs.org.uk/wps/wp1207.pdf
Gertler, P., Heckman, J. J., Pinto, R., Zanolini, A., Vermeersch, C., Walker, S., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2013). Labor market returns to early childhood stimulation: A 20-year followup to an experimental intervention in Jamaica (NBER working paper no. 19185). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Glewwe, P., Jacoby, H., & King, E. (2001). Early childhood nutrition and academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 81, 345–368.
Hart, B., & Risley, T. (1995). Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooks.
Harwood, R. L. (1992). The influence of culturally derived values on Anglo and Puerto Rican mothers’ perceptions of attachment behavior. Child Development, 63, 822–839.
Hess, R. D., Kashiwagi, K., Azuma, H., Price, G., & Dickson, W. P. (1980). Maternal expectations for mastery of developmental tasks in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Psychology, 15, 259–271.
Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache life history: The ecology and demography of a foraging people. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Kalil, A., Ryan, R., & Corey, M. (2012). Diverging destinies: Maternal education and the developmental gradient in time with children. Demography, 49, 1361–1383.
Kaplan, H., & Dove, H. (1987). Infant development among the Ache of Paraguay. Developmental Psychology, 23, 190–198.
Kohn, M. L. (1963). Social class and parent-child relationships: An interpretation. American Journal of Sociology, 68, 471–480.
Konner, M. J. (1973). Newborn walking: Additional data. Science, 179(4070), 307.
Konner, M. J. (1977). Infancy among the Kalahari Desert San. In P. H. Leiderman, S. R. Tulin, & A. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Culture and infancy: Variations in the human experience (pp. 287–327). New York: Academic Press.
Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Luster, T., Rhoades, K., & Haas, B. (1989). The relation between parental values and parenting behavior: A test of the Kohn Hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 51, 139–147.
Lynd, R. S., & Lynd, H. M. (1929). Middletown: A study in contemporary American culture. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.
Lynd, R. S., & Lynd, H. M. (1937). Middletown in transition: A study in cultural conflicts. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company.
Malawi demographic and health survey: Preliminary report (2004). Zomba, Malawi: National Statistics Office. Available at http://www.nsomalawi.mw/index.php/publications/malawi-demographic-and-health-survey/17-2004-mdhs.html
Maluccio, J., Hoddinott, J., Behrman, J. R., Martorell, R., Quisumbing, A., & Stein, A. D. (2009). The impact of improving nutrition during early childhood on education among Guatemalan adults. The Economic Journal, 119, 734–761.
Mansbach, I. K., & Greenbaum, C. W. (1999). Developmental maturity expectations of Israeli fathers and mothers: Effects of education, ethnic origin, and religiosity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 771–797.
Ninio, A. (1988). The effects of cultural background, sex, and parenthood on beliefs about the timetable of cognitive development in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 34, 369–388.
Ninio, A., & Rinott, N. (1988). Fathers’ involvement in the care of their infants and their attributions of cognitive competence to infants. Child Development, 59, 652–663.
Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110, 486–496.
Pearlin, L. I., & Kohn, M. L. (1966). Social class, occupation, and parental values: A cross-national study. American Sociological Review, 31, 466–479.
Rowe, M. L. (2008). Child-directed speech: Relation to socioeconomic status, knowledge of child development, and child vocabulary skill. Journal of Child Language, 35, 185–205.
Small, M. F. (1999). Our babies, ourselves: How biology and culture shape the way we parent. New York: Anchor Books.
Suskind, D., & Leffel, K. (2013). Parent-directed approaches to enrich the early language environments of children living in poverty. Seminars in Speech and Language, 34, 267–277.
Tudge, J. R. H., Hogan, D. M., Snezhkova, I. A., Kulakova, N. K., & Etz, K. E. (2000). Parents’ child-rearing values and beliefs in the United States and Russia: The impact of culture and social class. Infant and Child Development, 9, 105–121.
Wright, J. D., & Wright, S. R. (1976). Social class and parental values for children: A partial replication and extension of the Kohn Thesis. American Sociological Review, 41, 527–537.
Zelazo, P. R., Zelazo, N. A., & Kolb, S. (1972). Walking in the newborn. Science, 176(4072), 314–315.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cunha, F. (2015). Subjective Rationality, Parenting Styles, and Investments in Children. In: Amato, P., Booth, A., McHale, S., Van Hook, J. (eds) Families in an Era of Increasing Inequality. National Symposium on Family Issues, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08308-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08308-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08307-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08308-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)