Abstract
The rise of geodesign as the articulation between landscape-scale design and GIS is stimulating the development of advanced tools to support practically every stage of the planning process. But this growing collection of tools is not coordinated through some coherent perspective on design. We present ongoing work on a methodology for geodesigning ‘from the inside out’, by which we mean a systematic procedure that reflects an approach to design as a distinct science. That approach is motivated by Simon’s view of design-oriented disciplines (which include engineering) as a separate class of ‘sciences of the artificial’. Unlike traditional sciences, the design sciences are geared towards the production of purposeful artifacts that reflect the intentionality of the designer. Our proposed methodology, which we call ‘perspectives mapping’, consists of several steps, starting with the ‘soft’ aspects of a design’s desired purpose and function, and ending with ‘hard’ products built out of geospatial information. We outline the steps of the procedure using coastal and marine spatial planning as an illustration, and focus on the stakeholders’ diverse perspectives that will help define the key characteristics of the plan. The still tentative methodology is being developed in the context of an off-the-shelf marine planning support system, though it does not depend on any particular platform. Beyond the connection with Simon’s ideas, the methodology also has links with ontology work in geographic information science, with models familiar from AI, and with Christopher Alexander’s ‘pattern language’.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Agardy, T. (2000). Information needs for marine protected areas: Scientific and societal. Bulletin of Marine Science, 66(3), 875–888.
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns-buildings-construction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brail, R. K., & Klosterman, R. E. (2001). Planning support systems: Integrating geographic information systems, models, and visualization tools. Redlands: Esri Press.
Couclelis, H. (1991). Requirements for planning-relevant GIS: A spatial perspective. Papers in Regional Science, 70, 9–19.
Couclelis, H. (2009). The abduction of geographic information science: Transporting spatial reasoning to the realm of purpose and design. In K. S. Hornsby, C. Claramunt, M. Denis, & G. Ligozat (Eds.), Spatial information theory, 9th international conference, COSIT 2009 (pp. 342–356). Berlin: Springer.
Couclelis, H. (2010). Ontologies of geographic information. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 24, 1785–1809.
Densham, P. J. (1991). Spatial decision support systems. In D. J. Maguire, M. F. Goodchild, & D. W. Rhind (Eds.), Behavioral modeling in geography and planning (pp. 403–412). London: Longman.
Ervin, S. (2008). To what extent can the fundamental spatial concepts of design be addressed with GIS? Presentation delivered at the NCGIA Specialist Meeting on Spatial Concepts in GIS and Design, 15–16 December 2008, Santa Barbara, California. http://ncgia.ucsb.edu/projects/scdg/docs/present/Ervin-presentation.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2013.
Esri. (2010). Changing geography by design: Selected readings in GeoDesign. http://www.esri.com/library/ebooks/GeoDesign.pdf. Accessed 31 May 2013.
Flaxman, M. (2010). GeoDesign: fundamental principles. 2010 GeoDesign summit, 6–8 January 2010, Redlands, CA. http://video.esri.com/watch/106/2010-geodesign-summit-michael-flaxman-geodesign-fundamental-principles. Accessed 31 May 2013.
Gangemi, A., & Presutti, V. (2009). Ontology design patterns. In S. Staab & R. Studer (Eds.), Handbook on ontologies (pp. 221–243). Berlin: Springer.
Geertman, S., & Stillwell, J. (Eds.) (2009). Planning support systems: Best practice and new methods. New York: Springer.
Gilliland, P. M., & Laffoley, D. (2008). Key elements and steps in the process of developing ecosystem-based marine spatial planning. Marine Policy, 32(5), 787–796.
Gleason, M., McCreary, S., Miller-Henson, M., Ugoretz, J., Fox, E., Merrifield, M., McClintock, W., Serpa, P., & Hoffman, K. (2010). Science-based and stakeholder-driven marine protected area network planning: A successful case study from north central California. Ocean & Coastal Management, 53(2), 52–68.
Goodchild, M. F. (2010). Towards geodesign: Repurposing cartography and GIS? Cartographic Perspectives, 66, 7–22.
Hauraki Gulf Forum. (2011). Spatial planning for the Gulf: An international review of marine spatial planning initiatives and application to the Hauraki Gulf. Hauraki Gulf Forum. http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/AboutCouncil/representativesbodies/haurakigulfforum/Documents/Spatialplanforthegulf.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2013.
Jankowski, P., & Nyerges, T. (2001). Geographic information systems for group decision making: Towards a participatory geographic information science. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Kingston, R. (2011). Online public participation GIS for spatial planning. A. Nyerges, H. Couclelis, & R. McMaster (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of GIS and society (pp. 361–380). London: SAGE.
Lekavy, M., & Navrat, P. (2007). Expressivity of STRIPS-like and HTN-like planning. Lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol. 4496. Agent and multi-agent systems technologies and applications (pp. 12–130). Berlin: Springer.
Ligmann-Zelinka A., Church, R. L., & Jankowski, P. (2008). Spatial organization as a generative technique for sustainable multiobjective land-use allocation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 22(6), 601–622.
Ligtenberg, A. (2006). Exploring the use of multi-agent systems for interactive multi-actor spatial planning. Wageningen: University of Wageningen.
Nyerges, A, Couclelis, H, & McMaster, R. (Eds.) (2011). The SAGE handbook of GIS and society. London: SAGE.
Pickles, J. (Ed.) (1995). Ground truth: The social implications of geographic information systems. New York: The Guilford Press.
Pomeroy, R. & Douvere, F. (2008). The engagement of stakeholders in the marine spatial planning process. Marine Policy, 32(5), 816–822.
Ramasubramanian, L. (2011). PPGIS implementation and the transformation of US planning practice. In A. Nyerges, H. Couclelis, & R. McMaster (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of GIS and society (pp. 400–422). London: SAGE.
Schank, R., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structure. Hillsdale : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Simon, H.A. (1996). The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Steinitz, C. (2012). A framework for geodesign: Changing geography by design. Redlands: Esri Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Currier, K., Couclelis, H. (2014). Geodesigning ‘From the Inside Out’. In: Lee, D., Dias, E., Scholten, H. (eds) Geodesign by Integrating Design and Geospatial Sciences. GeoJournal Library(), vol 111. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08299-8_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08299-8_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08298-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08299-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)