Abstract
In Chap. 4, the embedding and detection algorithms of the proposed audio watermarking scheme were analyzed theoretically. The aim of this chapter is to examine system performance in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, security, data payload, and computational complexity, as required in Sect. 1.3.1..
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Notes
- 1.
Additive noise attack is a commonly used attack in robustness test of audio watermarking techniques. As clearly indicated in Appendix A and B, SDMI standard and STEP 2000 employ 36 dB and 40 dB additive noise attack respectively. Therefore, a rigorous additive noise attack with a lower SNR value, i.e., 36 dB additive noise attack, is chosen for our basic robustness test listed in Appendix E.
- 2.
The 3.5 kHz low-pass filtered version refers to a version of host audio filtered by a 3.5 kHz low-pass filter, and the 96 kbps MP3 compressed version refers to a version of host audio after MP3 compression at 96 kbps.
- 3.
In fact, the noises are quite loud already, as proved by the ODGs.
- 4.
The attacks with symbol ∗ in Table 5.15 are described as follows. Under the “NA” category, the schemes in [5, 7] did not specify the value of the SNR. Under the “AM” category, the schemes in [5, 7] compressed the amplitude with a nonlinear gain function. Under the “LP” category, the schemes in [3, 8] tested band-pass filtering only. Under the “TSM” category, the schemes in [9, 10] implemented random stretching (at ± 4 % and ± 8 %, respectively) merely by omitting or inserting a random number of samples, which is considered similar to random sample cropping/inserting.
- 5.
These unlisted attacks were undertaken in several schemes as follows. Requantization: only the scheme in [3] tested 8-bit requantization and the detection succeeded. DA/AD conversion: the schemes in [4, 7–10] tested DA/DA conversion and the detections succeeded. Cropping: the schemes in [2, 4, 5] tested different cropping operations and the detections succeeded. Jittering: the schemes in [2, 5] tested different jittering operations and the detections succeeded. TPPSM: the scheme in [1] tested ± 1 % pitch-scaling and the detection succeeded; the scheme in [3] tested the case that the pitch is shifted up by two semitones and the detections completely failed; the schemes in [9, 10] implemented pitch shifting (at ± 4 % and ± 8 % respectively) merely by linear interpolation without anti-alias filtering and the detections succeeded.
- 6.
It was reported as “noise addition that can be heard clearly by everybody [5].”
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Lin, Y., Abdulla, W.H. (2015). Performance Evaluation of Audio Watermarking. In: Audio Watermark. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07974-5_5
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