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Audio Watermarking Techniques

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Audio Watermark

Abstract

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of audio watermarking techniques. To clarify the essential principles underlying a diversity of sophisticated algorithms, this chapter gives an overview of basic methods for audio watermarking, such as least significant bit (LSB) modification, phase coding, spread spectrum watermarking, cepstrum domain watermarking, wavelet domain watermarking, echo hiding, and histogram-based watermarking.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    EBU: The European Broadcasting Union; SQAM: Sound Quality Assessment Material.

  2. 2.

    In general, stereo audio watermarking depends on some kind of relation between two channels [80], so it can only apply to stereo signals. However, mono audio watermarking can commonly treat one stereo channel as two mono channels, so it supports both mono and stereo audio signals.

  3. 3.

    Adobe Audition is a powerful digital audio recorder, editor, and mixer for Windows. It can perform a lot of operations, such as resampling, requantization, amplitude scaling, reverberation, MPEG compression, time stretching, and pitch shifting, on various formats of audio files,.au,.voc,.vox,.wav, and so on.

  4. 4.

    The reverberation time of a room is the time that it takes for sound to decay by a certain level α dB once the source of sound has stopped [30]. T 60 is when α = 60 dB.

  5. 5.

    Based on extensive operations with Adobe Audition v3.0, it is found that an amount of 1,201 samples is added to the beginning of an audio file.

  6. 6.

    Two categories are named as the host-interference nonrejecting method and the host-interference rejecting method respectively in [35, 83, 84].

  7. 7.

    Note that two of the ODGs in Table 3.1 are slightly positive, i.e., 0.13 and 0.03. According to its definition, the ODG should normally be in the range [\(-- 4\), 0]. However, if the distortion caused by watermarking is very low, then the cognitive model calculates positive values. In such cases, it is interpreted that the distortion is mostly inaudible for humans [38].

  8. 8.

    Despite the fact that only a portion of bits are extracted, the corresponding BER is always calculated for performance evaluations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Yiqing Lin & Waleed H. Abdulla

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  1. Yiqing Lin
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  2. Waleed H. Abdulla
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Lin, Y., Abdulla, W.H. (2015). Audio Watermarking Techniques. In: Audio Watermark. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07974-5_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07974-5_3

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