Abstract
This chapter offers a rare and penetrating insight into the legal and institutional framework of food law and policy in Africa. The chapter analyzes continental, regional and national laws and judicial decisions that are shaping food law policy in Africa and identifies key actors and institutions. How food law is conceptualized in Africa, the legal instruments (treaties, resolutions, declarations, statutes, policy papers, etc.) that underpin and inform decisions about food regulations in Africa, and current struggles over food and land in the continent are some of the issues addressed in this chapter. The chapter is the four parts. Part Two provides a survey of Africa Union (AU) instruments pertaining to food law. The section also offers an overview of legal and policy developments at the sub-regional and national levels. In all, legal instruments pertinent to food and agriculture in four regional economic communities in Africa—the East African Community (EAC), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market on Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the South African Development Community (SADC)—are examined in this section. Part Three examines key issues now emerging in food law and policy discussions and debates in Africa as well as issues that are likely to shape discussions about food law and policy in the continent in the coming years. In all, seven issues are examined: Food Security; Food Safety; Women and Agriculture in Africa; Climate Change; Indigenous Peoples and Food in Africa; Agribusiness/Foreign Investment in Land; and Food Trade. Part Three, “Towards a Coherent and Functioning Food Law Regime in Africa,” identifies existing gaps in the food law and policy framework of countries in Africa, draws attention to the to the development of robust food law regimes in Africa, discusses the potential role of the legal profession in Africa in the development of food law in the continent, and offers some concluding thoughts about the future direction of food law and policy in Africa. Overall, answers to several questions are explored in this chapter. For example, how is food law conceptualized in Africa? Is food law conceptualized differently in Africa than is the case in the West? Is food law recognized as a distinct legal field in countries in Africa? What laws, policies and institutions inform food regulation in Africa today? What areas of food law and policy in Africa call for more rigorous analysis and urgent action? Is food law and policy in Africa proactively addressing emergent issues and challenges such as climate change? What local, regional and global issues are likely to shape food law in Africa in the coming years? The conclusion reached is that food law is a new and underdeveloped field of law in Africa, although most countries in the continent have laws that deal with various aspects of food law. To the extent that it is treated as a distinct legal field, food law is conceptualized somewhat differently in Africa than is the case in the West. Food law in Africa encompasses issues integral to food production and processing (e.g. food safety), issues pertinent to food distribution (e.g. regional and global food trade), as well as issues relating to human rights and governance (access to land, freedom from eviction, right over traditional knowledge, and freedom from discrimination.). However conceptualized, food law is still in its infancy in Africa. While the foundations for the emergence of strong food law regimes in Africa appear to be very strong, robust and credible food law frameworks are not yet in place at the national, sub-regional or continental level.
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- 1.
“Poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” (E/C.12/2001/10).
- 2.
DiLorenzo (2014).
- 3.
Maputo Declaration on Agriculture and Food Security in Africa, Assembly/AU/Decl. 7(II).
- 4.
Id., Para. 1.
- 5.
Id., Para. 2.
- 6.
Id., Para. 6.
- 7.
NEPAD, About CAADP, http://www.nepad-caadp.net/about-caadp.php.
- 8.
Meeting, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 1st to 2nd May 2014.
- 9.
Adopted 27 June 1981, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force 21 October 1986.
- 10.
OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/24.9/49 (1990), entered into force Nov. 29, 1999.
- 11.
- 12.
Treaty For the Establishment of the East African Community (As amended on 14th December, 2006 and 20th August, 2007) (hereinafter “EAC Treaty.”). Section 2(2) of the EAC Treaty provides that “the Contracting Parties shall establish an East African Customs Union and a Common Market as transitional stages to and integral parts of the Community.”
- 13.
Id., at Article 105(2).
- 14.
Id., at 105(2)(b).
- 15.
Id., at 105(2)(h).
- 16.
Treaty of ECOWAS. http://www.comm.ecowas.int/sec/?id=treaty&lang=en.
- 17.
Id., at Article 25(1).
- 18.
On the 19th January 2005, the Heads of State and Government Conference of West Africa adopted the Agricultural Policy of the Economic Community of West African States.
- 19.
- 20.
SADC Treaty 1992. http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/sadc-treaty/.
- 21.
Id., Article 21(3)9a).
- 22.
Id., Article 21(3)(e).
- 23.
Adopted 18th August 1999 and entered into force on November 30, 2003.
- 24.
Adopted on 14 August 2001 and entered into force 8 August 2003.
- 25.
COMESA Treaty, Article 4(5).
- 26.
Id., at Article 131.
- 27.
Id., at Article 132.
- 28.
Id., at Article 134.
- 29.
Id., at Article 135.
- 30.
Id., at Article 27.
- 31.
COMESA, Food and Agricultural Marketing Information System. http://famis.comesa.int/com/option.com_news/yid.32/Itemid.120/pillar.foodsecurity/lang.en/sectionid.COMESA-Policy-Reform/.
- 32.
FAO (2001).
- 33.
Maputo Declaration, supra note 3.
- 34.
The plan has been endorsed by at least four institutions: The UN Economic Commission for Africa (ECA); the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the African Union Commission; and the African Development Bank.
- 35.
African Development Bank, The Bank Group’s Participation in Implementing The Action Plan (2011–2015) on Improving Statistics for Food Security, Sustainable Agriculture, and Rural Development (June 2013).
- 36.
EAC Secretariat, East African Community Food Security Action Plan 2011–2015, (February 2011).
- 37.
Id.
- 38.
EAC Treaty, supra note 12 Id., Article 110 (d).
- 39.
Id., Article 110 (e).
- 40.
COMESA Treaty, supra note 25, at Article 129.
- 41.
- 42.
- 43.
- 44.
SADC Fisheries Protocol, Article 3(a).
- 45.
Creating the National Food Security Strategy (ENSA) and the corresponding National Food Security Plan (PNSA) for the period 2003–2015.
- 46.
Resolution No. 56/2007 of 16 October 2007 reviewed the 1998 strategy and ushered in ESAN II for the period 2008–2015.
- 47.
The Zanzibar Food Security and Nutrition Act, 2011, Article 3(2).
- 48.
Id., Article 5 and 6.
- 49.
Id., Article 25(1) and (2).
- 50.
Id., Article 26(1).
- 51.
Members of CPLP are: Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, Sao Tome & Principe, Timor-Leste and Equatorial Guinea.
- 52.
Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO welcomes commitment to fight hunger from the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, 23 July 2014.
- 53.
Id., p. 4.
- 54.
2001 (2) SA 925 (ZSC).
- 55.
Social and Economic Rights Action Center & the Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria. Cited as: Communication No. 155/96.
- 56.
Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and Minority Rights Group International on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council v Kenya. 276/2003 (hereinafter “Endorois”).
- 57.
Id. at § 251.
- 58.
Communication No. 155/96.
- 59.
Id.
- 60.
AFR/RC57/4 1 (30 August 2007). (“Because of insufficient food to meet demand on the African continent, the majority of people are only concerned with satisfying hunger and do not give due attention to the safety of food.”).
- 61.
EAC Treaty, supra note 12., at 108.
- 62.
ECOWAS Treaty, supra note 16, at 25(2)h).
- 63.
See e.g. Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Annex to the SADC Protocol on Trade (Approved by the SADC Committee of Ministers of Trade on 12 July 2008, Lusaka, Zambia. See also,
- 64.
The COMESA Regulations on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (2009). Article 2(a). http://famis.comesa.int/popups/articleswindow.php?id=220&print=print.
- 65.
7(1).
- 66.
NEPAD, East African Community (EAC) sanitary measures for fish and fisheries products launched in Mombasa , http://www.africanfisheries.org/news-tags/sanitary-and-phytosanitary-sps.
- 67.
East African Community, EAC Sanitary Measures for Fish and Fisheries Products Launched in Mombasa, http://www.eac.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1515:eac-sanitary-measures-for-fish-and-fisheries-products-launched-in-mombasa&catid=146:press-releases&Itemid=194.
- 68.
See generally, Yankey (2004).
- 69.
Meat and Meat Products Act—Malawi; Meat Inspection Regulations—Malawi; Meat Marketing Regulations—Malawi; Meat Act 3/665 November 1974—Mauritius; Meat Safety Act, 2000—South Africa; Livestock and Meat Industries Act (No. 32 of 1962)—Botswana.
- 70.
Control of Pesticide Law 041-96—Burkina Faso and Pesticides Act 528, 1997—Ghana.
- 71.
See e.g.: Disease and Pest Act (Botswana); Pest Control Products Act Cap 346—Kenya.
- 72.
See e.g. Regulations on food imports and exports, Street food, food hygiene and labelling—Benin; General Labelling Rules, 1992 (L.I. No. 1541, 1992)—Ghana.
- 73.
Counterfeit and Fake Drugs and Unwholesome Processed Food Decree, (Act No. 25 of 1999)—Nigeria.
- 74.
Decree-Law No. 100/92 of 17 August 1992 regulating the export of bananas (Cape Verde) and Fishery Products Importation and Exportation Regulations (L.N. No. 69 of 2003)—Eritrea.
- 75.
The Medicines and Related Substances Act, 1965 (Act 101 of 1965)—South Africa.
- 76.
Sale of Adulterated Food Act No. 25, 1968—Swaziland; Adulteration of Produce Decree (Cap. 109)—Tanzania.
- 77.
Other examples include: Quality and Standards Authority—Ethiopia; Senegal Standardization Institute—Senegal; and National Center for Food and Hygiene—Mauritania.
- 78.
Republic of South Africa, Regulation Gazette No. 37695 (29 May 2014).
- 79.
CAF 05/2.
- 80.
Id.
- 81.
Id.
- 82.
Nine elements: (i) Food safety policies and programmes; (ii) Legislative and institutional aspects; (iii) Standards and regulations; (iv) Food inspection programmes and techniques; (v) Food analysis and food safety testing laboratories; (vi) Monitoring food-borne diseases and the safety of foods on the market; (vii) Participation in Codex; (viii) Communication and stakeholder involvement (including industry officials and consumers); (ix) National, regional and international cooperation.
- 83.
AFR/RC57/4 (53.92 kB) Food Strategy and Health: A Strategy for the WHO African Region.
- 84.
Gretchen Goetz, African Union Makes Plans for Food Safety Authority, November 2, 2012 http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/11/african-union-makes-plans-for-food-safety-authority/#.U8aVB7bn_rc.
- 85.
East African Community Protocol on Environment and Natural Resource Management, Article 27 (calling for a common approach to biosafety.).
- 86.
Several RECs in Africa have observer status in the SPS Committee of the World Trade Organization including: SADC, COMESA, ECOWAS, Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), and the Community of Sahel Saharan States (CEN SAD).
- 87.
International, regional, sub-regional and national cooperation in food safety (CAF 05/6).
- 88.
Fair Labor Association, Assessing Women’s Role in Nestle’s Ivory Coast Cocoa Supply Chain (2014).
- 89.
Strickland (2004).
- 90.
Rural Development Institute, Women’s Land Rights in Rwanda 6 (2006).
- 91.
Adopted by AU Heads of State and Government at their July 2004 Summit.
- 92.
For countries whose constitution provide for direct applicability of treaties, international treaties protecting the right of women such as the CEDAW Convention are directly applicable and enforceable. Article 2(5) of the Constitution of Kenya states that “The general rules of international law shall form part of the law of Kenya.” Article 2(6) further provide: “Any treaty or convention ratified by Kenya shall form part of the law of Kenya under this Constitution.” See The Constitution of Kenya 2010.
- 93.
Id., Article 60(1)(a).
- 94.
Id., Article 60(1)(b).
- 95.
Id., Article 60(1)(f).
- 96.
Id., Article 68(c)(vi).
- 97.
(2001) AHRLR 236 (TzHC 1990).
- 98.
Id., p. 2.
- 99.
Id., § 10.
- 100.
Id.
- 101.
Id.
- 102.
Magaya v Magaya [1999] ICHRL 14 (16 February 1999).
- 103.
- 104.
Indigenous groups in Africa identified as hunter-gatherer include: the Pygmies of the Great Lakes Region, the San of Southern Africa, the Hadzabe of Tanzania and the Ogiek of Kenya. Those identified as pastoralists and agro-pastoralists include the Pokot of Kenya and Uganda, the Barabaig of Tanzania, the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania, the Samburu, Turkana, Rendille, Orma and Borana of Kenya and Ethiopia, the Karamojong of Uganda.
- 105.
According to the 2002 Declaration of Atitlàn, indigenous people “face a higher risk of suffering the consequences of Food Insecurity.”
- 106.
Id. The Declaration of Atitlàn.
- 107.
Report of the African Commission’s Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Committees 20 (2005).
- 108.
See Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, Rodolfo Stavenhagen, on “Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006, A/HRC/4/32/Add.3, 26 February 2007: “Mission to Kenya” from 4 to 14 December 2006 (hereinafter “Special Rapporteur on Kenya”)”, p. 25.
- 109.
Id.
- 110.
Forest Peoples Program, Press Release: Forced eviction by Kenya threatens indigenous communities’ human rights and ancestral forests, 6 January 2014.
- 111.
Forest Peoples Programme, Kenyan Government torches hundreds of Sengwer homes in the forest glades in Embobut, 20 January 2014. http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/legal-human-rights/news/2014/01/kenyan-government-torches-hundreds-sengwer-homes-forest-glade.
- 112.
- 113.
Global Information Network, World Bank Linked to “Cultural Genocide” of Kenya’s Sengwer People, 30 September 2014. http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/09/world-bank-linked-to-cultural-genocideof-kenyas-sengwer-people/. Vidal (2014).
- 114.
Kenya Forest Service, Clarifying Information on the Embobut Forest: The NRMP Perspective. http://www.kenyaforestservice.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=568:clarifying-information-on-the-embobut-forest-the-nrmp-perspective&catid=228:press-releases&Itemid=168.
- 115.
Dear President Uhuru Kenyatta, Deputy President William Ruto, Senator Kipchumba Murkoman, Legal Advisor Korir Sing’Oei and other Kenyan Government Authorities and Parliamentarians, 5 January 2014.
- 116.
Id.
- 117.
Survival International, Bushman children arrested under renewed government repression 15 January 2013. http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/8919.
- 118.
- 119.
Id.
- 120.
Survival International. Bushmen beaten, suffocated and buried alive for killing an antelope 13 December 2012. http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/8883.
- 121.
- 122.
- 123.
- 124.
Simpson (2011).
- 125.
Id.
- 126.
- 127.
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/2/Add.1 (1994).
- 128.
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1650, No. 28383.
- 129.
OAU Model Law, Algeria, 2000—Rights of Communities, Farmers, Breeders, and Access to Biological Resources.
- 130.
Adopted by the Diplomatic Conference of ARIPO at Swakopmund (Namibia) on August 9, 2010. The protocol was initially signed by 9 of the 17 Member States that are members of ARIPO.
- 131.
Department of Trade and Industry South Africa, Draft National Policy on Intellectual Property, 2013, Notice No. 918 of 2013.
- 132.
Africa Caucus statement to the 13th Session of UNPFII, delivered by Mr Kanyinke Sena, May, 2014. Available at: http://natural-justice.blogspot.co.uk/2014/05/13th-session-of-unpfii-african-caucus.html.
- 133.
Sesana and others v. The Attorney-General (2006) (2) BLR 633 (HC).
- 134.
ACHPR 2009, Decision on Communication 276/2003, Centre for Minority Rights Development (CEMIRIDE) and Minority Rights Group International (MRG) on behalf of Endorois Welfare Council v Kenya.
- 135.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (A/RES/61/295) (2007) (hereinafter “the Declaration”). See also General Recommendation XXIII (51) concerning Indigenous Peoples. Adopted at the Committee’s 1235th meeting, 18 August 1997. UN Doc. CERD/C/51/Misc.13/Rev.4 requires that ‘ensure that members of indigenous peoples have equal rights in respect of effective participation in public life, and that no decisions directly relating to their rights and interests are taken without their informed consent.’
- 136.
Adopted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights at Its 41st Ordinary Session Held in May 2007 in Accra, Ghana (2007).
- 137.
Clark (2014).
- 138.
Walmart acquired South African-based Massmart in 2011.
- 139.
Zin Bekkali, Why food could be Africa’s sweet spot.
- 140.
Id.
- 141.
Green (2013a).
- 142.
- 143.
World Bank (2013).
- 144.
Green (2013b).
- 145.
Green (2013c).
- 146.
The EAC Food Security Action Plan (201 l-2015).
- 147.
Id.
- 148.
Id.
- 149.
Id., p. xiv.
- 150.
Id.
- 151.
Green (2013d).
- 152.
An October 2013 report from ActionAid ( http://www.actionaidusa.org/publications/feeding-world-2050 ) challenges the assumption that the principal solution to food security is simply producing more food. “Rising to the Challenge: Changing Course to Feed the World in 2050”.
- 153.
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Africa’s Small Farmers Key to Reducing Poverty, Increasing Food Security (press release), 15 May 2014.
- 154.
A/HRC/13/33/Add.3.
- 155.
Vermeulen and Cotula (2010).
- 156.
Global Witness. “UK’s Equatorial Palm Oil accused of human rights abuses in Liberia.” December 20, 2013. Accessed on June 15, 2014. http://www.globalwitness.org/Liberia/EPO. See also Sustainable Development Institute, “Community Complaint against Equatorial Palm Oil.” Accessed on June 15, 2014. http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/news/2013/10/Community%20Complain_ LiberiaGrandBassaCounty_Oct2013.pdf.
- 157.
Forest Peoples Programme (nd) Letter of complaint to Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) from indigenous Butaw Kru tribes and inhabitants from several local communities within the proposed Golden Veroleum 220,000 ha oil palm concession in Liberia, October 2012. All sources pertaining to the complaint to the RSPO available from http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/palm-oil-rspo/news/2012/10/letter-complaint-round-table- sustainable-palm-oil-rspo-indigenous.
See http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/news/2012/10/Final%20complaint%20 to%20%20RSPO%20on%20Golden%20Veroleum-%20Butaw-sinoe%20county%20(2).pdf. See also http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/palm-oil-rspo/news/2012/10/letter- complaint-round-table-sustainable-palm-oil- rspo-indigenous.
- 158.
RSPO 2012 Letter from RSPO to Golden Veroleum (Liberia) Inc. 13th December 2012. Available at http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/news/2012/10/RSPOLetter_GVL_PremFindings_ December2012.pdf.
- 159.
Tropical Forest Trust 2013 Independent assessment of free, prior & informed consent process—Golden Veroleum (Liberia) Inc. February 2013. Final report. Available at http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/news/2012/10/TFT_GVL_Liberia_FPIC_ Report_Final_Eng_low%20res.pdf.
- 160.
Kenrick and Lomax (2013).
- 161.
Lomax (2012).
- 162.
“Baleke Kayira & 4 Ors v Attorney General & 2 Ors”, 28 Mar 2013. [2013] UGHC 47.
- 163.
Human Rights Watch, Ripe with Abuse: Human Rights Conditions in South Africa’s Fruit and Wine Industries (2014).
- 164.
Griek et al. (2010); See also, Orla Ryab, Labouring for Chocolate, BBC News, 27 April 2007.
- 165.
Kenya Human Rights Commission, ‘Wilting in Bloom’—The Irony of Women Labour Rights in the Cut-Flower Sector in Kenya (2010).
- 166.
Kenya Human Rights Commission, A comparative Study of the Tea Sector in Kenya (2008).
- 167.
Kenya Human Rights Commission, Exposing the Soft Belly of the Multinational Beast: The Struggle for Workers’ Rights at Del Monte Kenya (2002).
- 168.
Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, A/HRC/8/5 (7 April 2008).
- 169.
- 170.
Professor Uche Ewelukwa Ofodile, Foreign Investment in Land in Africa: Mapping the Role of International Investment Contracts and Bilateral Investment Treaties, Law and Development Review Issue No. 2 (2014).
- 171.
UNCTAD, Towards a New Generation of International Investment Policies: UNCTAD’s Fresh Approach to Multilateral Investment Policy-Making, IIA Issues Note No. 5 (2013)(hereinafter “A New Generation of International Investment Policies”).
- 172.
UNCTAD, Reform of Investor-State Dispute Settlement: In Search of a Roadmap, IIA Issue Note No. 2 (June 2013).
- 173.
Sornarajah (2011).
- 174.
See also International Labor Rights Forum, The Sour Taste of Pineapple: How an Expanding Export Industry Undermines Workers and Their Communities (October 20, 2008) (discussing the working conditions and labor rights violations in the pineapple fields in Costa Rica and the Philippines and finding that massive infestation of insects came with the expansion of large-scale pineapple production and had a dire effect on local ranchers’ ability to maintain livestock.).
- 175.
See e.g. Haribo Mohammed Fukisha v. Redland Redroses Limited [2006] eKLR (applying Kenya’s Workmen’s Compensation Act (Cap. 236) and hold that an obligation falls on the defendant to compensate the plaintiff who was injured in a mishap involving potentially dangerous substances used in the course of employment.).
- 176.
Crowder (2010).
- 177.
Id.
- 178.
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (Mar. 21, 2011) (by John Ruggie) [hereinafter Guiding Principles].
- 179.
Nestlé, Nestlé Commitment on Land & Land Rights in Agricultural Supply Chains (July 2014). The new policy is an Appendix to The Nestlé Policy on Environmental Sustainability.
- 180.
Wendy Atkins. 28 May 2013. http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/Perspectives/Professionalising-smallholder-organisation-in-Africa. Professionalising smallholder organisation in Africa.
- 181.
Algeria, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Liberia, Libya, Sudan, Seychelles and Sao Tome and Principe, are in the process of accession to the WTO.
- 182.
World Trade Organization, WTO Africa Group: Joint Proposal on the Negotiations on Agriculture, G/AG/NG/W/142 (23 March 2001).
- 183.
Sirte Declaration on the Challenges of Implementing Integrated and Sustainable Development on Agriculture and Water in Africa (2004). Ex/Assembly/AU/Decl. 1 (II).
- 184.
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/17/31 (Mar. 21, 2011) (by John Ruggie) [hereinafter Guiding Principles].
- 185.
Id.
- 186.
The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights Act, 2002. Another example is the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) in South Africa—a body charged with resolving disputes in labor relations. www.ccma.org.za.
- 187.
- 188.
Maputo Declaration, supra note 3 (emphasis in the original).
- 189.
International Bar Association, Business and Human Rights Guidance for Bar Associations (With Commentaries) (2014).
- 190.
See e.g. Kenya’s Crop Act, 2012 (No. 16 of 2013).
- 191.
See e.g., The Strategy for Revitalising Agriculture (Kenya) and Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010–2020 (Kenya).
- 192.
Sirte Declaration on the Challenges of Implementing Integrated and Sustainable Development on Agriculture and Water in Africa (2004). Ex/Assembly/AU/Decl. 1 (II).
- 193.
Id., para. 14.
- 194.
The Institute involves five faculties: Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Health Sciences, Education, Law and Veterinary Science. The activities of the Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being (IFNuW) are organised around five research areas focusing on: (1) Sustainable animal- and plant-based food production in a resource-constrained environment; (2) Food safety, biosecurity, public health and regulatory control; (3) Identifying and promoting beneficial compounds in foods to promote health and address diseases of lifestyle; (4) Facilitating behaviour change for improved health and well-being; and (5) The food security and nutrition impacts of policies and programmes. See http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=17839&subid=17839.
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Ofodile, U.E. (2016). Food Law and Policy in Africa: Emerging Legal Framework, Key Issues, Major Gaps and Challenges. In: Steier, G., Patel, K. (eds) International Food Law and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07542-6_41
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07542-6_41
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