Abstract
Guillain–Barré syndrome, the most common cause of acute–subacute neuropathy, has an incidence of 1.5–2 cases per 100,000 throughout the world. GBS is characterized by the development of a rapidly progressive paralytic syndrome, and although often thought of as a motor disease, sensory and autonomic symptoms may occur before motor dysfunction. Despite the presence of several variants, most cases are so typical that the diagnosis can be made clinically with a high degree of confidence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology AIDS Task Force (1991) Research criteria for diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Neurology 41:617–618
Adams RD, Asbury AK, Michelsen JJ (1965) Multifocal pseudohypertrophic neuropathy. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 90:30–34
Arcila-Londono X, Lewis RA (2013) Multifocal motor neuropathy. Chapter 24. In: Said G, Krarup C (eds) Peripheral nerve disorders, vol 115 (3rd series), Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 429–442
Arnason BGW, Soliven B (1993) Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK et al (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, 3rd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1437–1497
Arstila AU, Riekkinen PJ, Rinne UK et al (1971) Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurochemical and ultrastructural study. Eur Neurol 5:257–269
Asbury AKB, Arnason G, Adams RD (1969) The inflammatory lesion in idiopathic polyneuritis. Medicine 48:173–215
Auer RN, Bell RB, Lee MA (1989) Neuropathy with onion bulb formations and pure motor manifestations. Can J Neurol Sci 16:194–197
Austin JH (1956) Observations on the syndrome of hypertrophic neuritis (the hypertrophic interstitial radiculo-neuropathies). Medicine 35:187–237
Barohn RJ, Kissel JT, Warmolts JR et al (1989) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Clinical characteristics, course, and recommendations for diagnostic criteria. Arch Neurol 46:878–884
Berciano J, Coria F, Monton F et al (1993) Axonal form of Guillain-Barre syndrome: evidence for macrophage mediated demyelination. Muscle Nerve 16:744–751
Bilbao JM (1995) Peripheral nerves. In: Rosai J (ed) Ackerman’s surgical pathology, 8th edn. The CV Mosby Company, St. Louis
Birchem R, Mithen FA, L’Empereur KM et al (1987) Ultrastructural effects of Guillain-Barre serum in cultures containing only rat Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res 421:173–185
Bird SJ, Sladky JT (1991) Corticosteroid responsive dominantly inherited neuropathy in childhood. Neurology 41:437–439
Bonnaud E, Vital C, Cohere G et al (1974) Recurrent and relapsing polyneuritis. Four cases with ultrastructural studies of the peripheral nerves. Pathol Eur 9:109–118
Bradley WG, Bennet RK, Good P, Little B (1988) Proximal chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy with multifocal conduction block. Arch Neurol 45:451–455
Brechenmacher C, Vital C, Laurentjoye L et al (1981) Ultrastructural study of peripheral nerve in Guillain-Barre syndrome: presence of mononuclear cells in axons. Acta Neuropathol Suppl 7(Suppl VII):249–251
Brechenmacher C, Vital C, Deminiere C et al (1987) Guillain–Barre syndrome: an ultrastructural study of peripheral nerve in 65 patients. Clin Neuropathol 6:19–24
Bromberg MB, Feldman EL, Albers JW (1992) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: comparison of patients with and without an associated monoclonal gammopathy. Neurology 42:1157–1163
Brosnan JV, Craggs RI, King RHM et al (1987) Reduced susceptibility of T cell–deficient rats to induction of experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 14:267–282
Brosnan JV, King RHM, Thomas PK et al (1988) Disease patterns in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in the Lewis rat. Is EAN a good model for the Guillain-Barre syndrome? J Neurol Sci 88:261–276
Brosnan CF, Claudio L, Tansey FA, Martiney J (1990) Mechanisms of autoimmune neuropathies. Ann Neurol 27(Suppl):S75–S79
Brown WF, Feasby TE, Hahn AF (1993) Electrophysiological changes in the acute “axonal” form of Guillain–Barre syndrome. Muscle Nerve 16:200–205
Burns J, Krasner LJ, Rostami A et al (1986) Isolation of P2 protein-reactive T-cell lines from human blood. Ann Neurol 19:391–393
Carpenter S (1972) An ultrastructural study of an acute fatal case of the Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Sci 15:125–140
Connolly AM, Pestronk A, Trotter JL et al (1993) High–titer selective serum anti–beta–tubulin antibodies in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology 43:557–562
Cornblath DR, McArthur JC, Kennedy PGE et al (1987) Inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathies associated with human T–cell lymphotropic virus type III infection. Ann Neurol 21:32–40
Cornblath DR, Griffin DE, Welch D et al (1990) Quantitative analysis of endoneurial T–cells in human sural nerve biopsies. J Neuroimmunol 26:113–118
Corse AM, Chaudhry V, Crawford TO et al (1994) Demyelinating pathology in sural nerves in multifocal motor neuropathy. Muscle Nerve Suppl 1:S216, abstract
Cros D, Triggs WJ (1994) There are no neurophysiologic features characteristic of “axonal” Guillain–Barre syndrome. Muscle Nerve 17:675–677
Cusimano MD, Bilbao JM, Cohen SM (1988) Hypertrophic brachial plexus neuritis: a pathological study of two cases. Ann Neurol 24:615–622
Dalakas MC, Engel WK (1980) Immunoglobulin and complement deposits in nerves of patients with chronic relapsing polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol 37:637–640
Dalakas MC, Engel WK (1981) Chronic relapsing (dysimmune) polyneuropathy: pathogenesis and treatment. Ann Neurol 9(Suppl):134–145
Devaux JJ (2012) Antibodies to gliomedin cause peripheral demyelinating neuropathy in and the dismantling of the nodes of Ranvier. Am J Pathol 181:1402–1413
Diaz-Arrastia R, Younger DS, Hair L et al (1992) Neurolymphomatosis: a clinicopathologic syndrome re-emerges. Neurology 42:1136–1141
Doppler K, Werner C, Sommer C (2013) Disruption of nodal architecture in skin biopsies of patients with demyelinating neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 18:168–176
Dyck PJ (1990) Intravenous immunoglobulin in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and in neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. Neurology 40:327–328
Dyck PJ (1993) Is there an axonal variety of GBS? Neurology 43:1277–1280
Dyck PJ, Lais AC, Ohta M et al (1975) Chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy. Mayo Clin Proc 50:621–637
Dyck PJ, O’Brien PC, Oviatt KF et al (1982a) Prednisone improves chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy more than no treatment. Ann Neurol 11:136–141
Dyck PJ, Swanson CJ, Low PA et al (1982b) Prednisone responsive hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. Mayo Clin Proc 57:239–246
Dyck PJ, Daube J, O’Brien P et al (1986) Plasma exchange in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. N Engl J Med 314:461–465
Dyck PJ, Prineas J, Pollard J (1993) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK et al (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, 3rd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1498–1517
Enders U, Karch H, Toyka KV et al (1993) The spectrum of immune responses to Campylobacter jejuni and glycoconjugates in Guillain-Barre syndrome and in other neuroimmunological disorders. Ann Neurol 34:136–144
Epstein LG, Prineas JW, Raine CS (1983) Attachment of myelin to coated pits on macrophages in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Sci 61:341–348
Faed JM, Day B, Pollock M et al (1989) High dose intravenous human immunoglobulin in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology 39:422–425
Feasby TE (1991) Treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome with anti–T cell monoclonal antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54:51–54
Feasby TE, Hahn AF, Gilbert JJ (1982) Passive transfer studies in Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Neurology 32:1159–1167
Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF et al (1986) An acute axonal form of Guillain–Barre polyneuropathy. Brain 109:1115–1126
Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Hahn AF et al (1987) Complement depletion suppresses Lewis rat experimental allergic neuritis. Brain Res 419:97–103
Feasby TE, Hahn AF, Lovgren DS et al (1990) Axonal degeneration and demyelination in peptide–induced experimental allergic neuritis. Neurology 40(Suppl 1):389, abstract
Feasby TE, Hahn AF, Brown WF et al (1993) Severe axonal degeneration in acute Guillain–Barre syndrome: evidence of two different mechanisms? J Neurol Sci 116:185–192
Fewou SN, Plomp JJ, Willison HJ (2013) The pre-synaptic motor nerve terminal as a site for antibody-mediated neurotoxicity in autoimmune neuropathies and synaptopathies. J Anat. doi:10.1111/joa.12088
French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barre Syndrome (1987) Efficiency of plasma exchange in Guillain-Barre syndrome: role of replacement fluids. Ann Neurol 22:753–761
Fuller GN, Jacobs JM (1989) Cytomembranous inclusions in the peripheral nerves in AIDS. Acta Neuropathol 79:336–339
Fuller GN, Jacobs JM, Lewis PD et al (1992) Pseudoaxonal Guillain-Barre syndrome: severe demyelination mimicking axonopathy. A case with pupillary involvement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55:1079–1083
Gabreels-Festen AAWM, Gabreels FJM, Hoogendijk JE et al (1993) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy? Diagnostic value of morphological criteria. Acta Neuropathol 86:630–635
Galban-Horcajoa F, Fitzpatrick AM, Hutton AJ (2013) Antibodies to heteromeric glycolipid complexes in multifocal motor neuropathy. Eur J Neurol 20:62–70
Gibbels E, Kentenich M (1990) Unmyelinated fibers in sural nerve biopsies of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Acta Neuropathol 80:439–447
Gibbels E, Behse F, Kentenich M, Haupt WF (1993) Chronic multifocal neuropathy with persistent conduction block (Lewis–Sumner syndrome). A clinico-pathologic study of two further cases with review of the literature. Clin Neuropathol 12:343–352
Gorson KC, Katz J (2013) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurol Clin 31:511–532
Grand’Maison F, Feasby TE, Hahn AF et al (1992) Recurrent Guillain–Barre syndrome. Clinical and laboratory features. Brain 115:1093–1106
Griffin JW (1994) Treatment of Guillain–Barre syndrome. In: Drachman DB (ed) Immunosuppressive treatment for neurologists. Course #341, American Academy of Neurology
Griffin JW, Sheikh K (2005) The Guillain–Barré syndromes. In: Dyck J, Thomas PK (eds) Peripheral neuropathy. Elsevier-Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 2197–2219
Griffin JW, Stoll G, Li CY et al (1990) Macrophage responses in inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. Ann Neurol 27(Suppl):S64–S68
Griffin JW, George R, Ho T (1993) Macrophage systems in peripheral nerves. A review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:553–560
Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW et al (1996) Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 39:17–28
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Study Group (1985) Plasmapheresis and acute Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 35:1096–1104
Guimaraes-Costa R, Bombelli F, Leger J-M (2013) Multifocal motor neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 26:503–509
Hahn AF, Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ (1985) Blood–nerve barrier studies in experimental allergic neuritis. Acta Neuropathol 68:101–109
Hahn AF, Feasby TE, Wilkie L et al (1990) Dose-dependent demyelination and axonal degeneration in passive cell–transfer EAN. Neurology 40(Suppl 1):389, abstract
Hall SM, Hughes RAC, Atkinson PF et al (1992) Motor nerve biopsy in severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 31:441–444
Hart MN, Hanks DT, MacKay R (1972) Ultrastructural observations in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Arch Pathol 93:552–555
Hartung HP, Toyka KV (1990) T–Cell and macrophage activation in experimental autoimmune neuritis and Guillain–Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 27(Suppl):S57–S63
Hartung HP, Schafer B, Heininger K et al (1988) The role of macrophages and eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of experimental allergic neuritis. Serial clinical, electrophysiological, biochemical, and morphological observations. Brain 111:1039–1059
Hartung HP, Schafer B, Diamantstein T et al (1989) Suppression of P2–T cell line–mediated experimental autoimmune neuritis by interleukin–2 receptor targeted monoclonal antibody. Brain Res 489:120–128
Hartung HP, Reiners K, Schmidt B et al (1991) Serum Interleukin–2 concentrations in Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Comparison with other neurological diseases of presumed immunopathogenesis. Ann Neurol 30:48–53
Harvey GK, Pollard JD, Schindhelm K et al (1987) Chronic experimental allergic neuritis. An electrophysiological and histological study in the rabbit. J Neurol Sci 81:215–225
Harvey GK, Schindhelm K, Antony J et al (1988) Membrane plasma exchange in experimental allergic neuritis: effect on antibody levels and clinical course. J Neurol Sci 88:207–218
Harvey GK, Toyka KV, Zielasek J et al (1995) Failure of anti-GM1 IgG or IgM to induce conduction block following intraneural transfer. Muscle Nerve 18:388–394
Haymaker W, Kernohan JW (1949) The Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome. A clinicopathologic report of fifty fatal cases and a critique of the literature. Medicine 28:59–141
Hays AP, Lee SSL, Latov N (1988) Immune reactive C3d on the surface of myelin sheaths in neuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 18:231–244
Heininger K, Liebert UG, Toyka KV et al (1984) Chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy. Reduction of nerve conduction velocities in monkeys by systemic passive transfer of immunoglobulin G. J Neurol Sci 66:1–14
Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY et al (1995) Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China: relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain 118(Part 3):597–605
Ho TW, Willison HJ, Nachamkin I, et al (1999) Anti-GD1a antibody is associated with axonal but not demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 45:168–173
Honavar M, Tharakan JKJ, Hughes RAC et al (1991) A clinicopathological study of the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Nine cases and literature review. Brain 114:1245–1269
Hughes RA, Cornblath DR (2005) Guillain–Barré syndrome. Lancet 366:1653–1666
Hughes R, Atkinson P, Coates P et al (1992) Sural nerve biopsies in Guillain-Barre syndrome: axonal degeneration and macrophage–associated demyelination and absence of cytomegalovirus genome. Muscle Nerve 15:568–575
Ilyas AA, Mithen FA, Dalakas MC et al (1992) Antibodies to acidic glycolipids in Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 107:111–121
Ingall TJ, McLeod JG, Tamura N (1990) Autonomous function and unmyelinated fibers in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 13:70–76
Iqbal A, Oger JJF, Arnason BGW (1981) Cell-mediated immunity in idiopathic polyneuritis. Ann Neurol 9(Suppl):565–569
Julien J, Vital C, Lagueny A et al (1989) Chronic relapsing idiopathic polyneuropathy with primary axonal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:871–875
Kaji R, Oka N, Tsuji T et al (1993) Pathological findings at the site of conduction block in multifocal motor neuropathy. Ann Neurol 33:152–158
Kanda T, Hayashi H, Tanabe H et al (1989) A fulminant case of Guillain-Barre syndrome: topographic and fibre size related analysis of demyelinating changes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:857–864
Kornberg AJ, Pestronk K (1994) The clinical and diagnostic role of anti–GM1 antibody testing. Muscle Nerve 17:100–104
Koski CL (1990) Characterization of complement-fixing antibodies to peripheral nerve myelin in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 27(Suppl):S44–S47
Koski CL (1992) Humoral mechanisms in immune neuropathies. Neurol Clin 10:629–649
Koski CL, Gratz E, Sutherland L et al (1986) Clinical correlation with anti–peripheral–nerve myelin antibodies in Guillain–Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 19:573–577
Koski CL, Sanders ME, Swoveland PT et al (1987) Activation of terminal components of complement in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and other demyelinating neuropathies. J Clin Invest 80:1492–1497
Krarup C, Stewart JD, Sumner AJ et al (1990) A syndrome of asymmetric limb weakness with motor conduction block. Neurology 40:118–127
Krendel DA, Parks HP, Anthony DC et al (1989) Sural nerve biopsy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 12:257–264
Kuwabara S, Yuki N (2013) Axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome: concepts and controversies. Lancet Neurol 12:1180–1188
Lampert PW (1969) Mechanism of demyelination in experimental allergic neuritis: electron microscopic studies. Lab Invest 20:127–138
Lewis RA, Sumner AJ, Brown MJ et al (1982) Multifocal demyelinating neuropathy with persistent conduction block. Neurology 32:958–964
Linington C, Izumo S, Suzuki M et al (1984) A permanent rat T cell line that mediates experimental allergic neuritis in the Lewis rat in vivo. J Immunol 91:1946–1950
Luijten JAFM, Baart de la Faille-Kuyper EH (1972) The occurrence of IgM and complement factors along myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves: an immunohistochemical study of the Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Sci 15:219–224
Lundkvist I, van Doorn PA, Vermeulen M et al (1989) Regulation of autoantibodies in inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: spontaneous and therapeutic. Immunol Rev 110:105–117
Lunn MP, Johnson LA, Fromholt SE et al (2000) High-affinity anti-ganglioside IgG antibodies raised in complex ganglioside knockout mice: reexamination of GD1a immunolocalization. J Neurochem 75:404–412
Madrid RE, Wisniewski HM (1977) Axonal degeneration in demyelinating disorders. J Neurocytol 6:103–117
Magira EE, Papaioakim M, Nachamkin I et al (2003) Differential distribution of HLA-DQ beta/DR beta epitopes in the two forms of Guillain–Barré syndrome, acute motor axonal neuropathy and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP): identification of DQ beta epitopes associated with susceptibility to and protection from AIDP. J Immunol 170:3074–3080
Mancardi GL, Cadoni A, Zicca A et al (1988) Schwann cell reactivity in peripheral neuropathies of different origins. Neurology 38:848–852
Matthews WB, Howell DA, Hughes RC (1970) Relapsing corticosteroid dependent polyneuritis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 33:330–337
McCombe PA, Pollard JD, McLeod JG (1987) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. A clinical and electrophysiological study of 92 cases. Brain 110:1617–1630
McCombe PA, Pollard JD, McLeod JG (1989) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. In: Assal JPH, Liniger C (eds) Peripheral neuropathies: what is significantly new? Liviana Press, Padova, pp 546–557
McFarlin DE (1990) Immunological parameters in Guillain–Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 27(Suppl):S25–S29
McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Ho T et al (1991) Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of acute paralysis disease of children and young adults in northern China. Lancet 338:593–597
McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW et al (1993) Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol 33:333–342
Mei Liu H (1970) Ultrastructure of remyelination of peripheral nerves in Landry–Guillain–Barre syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 16:262–265
Mendell JR, Kolkin S, Kissel JT et al (1987) Evidence for central nervous system demyelination in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Neurology 37:1291–1294
Milder DG, Rail DHL, Broe GA (1985) Neuropathological findings in a case of chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy. Clin Exp Neurol 21:165–170
Mithen FA, Ilyas AA, Birchem R et al (1992) Effects of Guillain-Barre sera containing antibodies against glycolipids in cultures of rat Schwann cells and sensory neurons. J Neurol Sci 112:223–232
Nobile-Orazio E, Gallia F (2013) Multifocal motor neuropathy: current therapies and novel strategies. Drugs 73:397–406
Nukada H, Pollock M, Haas LF (1989) Is ischemia implicated in chronic multifocal demyelinating neuropathy? Neurology 39:106–110
Nyland H, Matre R, Mork S (1981) Immunological characterization of sural nerve biopsies from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 9(Suppl):80–86
Oh SJ (1990) Diagnostic usefulness and limitations of the sural nerve biopsy. Yonsei Med J 31:1–26
Oh SJ, Joy JL, Kuruoglu R (1992) ‘Chronic sensory demyelinating neuropathy’: chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy presenting as a pure sensory neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55:677–680
Oh SJ, Claussen GC, Odabasi Z, Palmer CP (1995) Multifocal demyelinating motor neuropathy: pathologic evidence of ‘inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy’. Neurology 45:1828–1832
Parry GJ, Sumner AJ (1992) Multifocal motor neuropathy. Neurol Clin 10:671–684
Pestronk A, Choksi R (1999) Multifocal motor neuropathy: serum IgM anti-GM1 ganglioside antibodies in most patients detected using covalent linkage of GM1 to ELISA plates. Neurology 49:1289–1292
Pestronk A, Cornblath DR, Ilyas AA et al (1988) A treatable multifocal motor neuropathy with antibodies to GM1 ganglioside. Ann Neurol 24:73–78
Poewe W, Sluga E, Aichner F (1981) Subacute–chronic polyneuritis. Acta Neuropathol Suppl 7:262–267
Pollard JD (1987) A critical review of therapies in acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve 10:214–221
Pollard JD, King RHM, Thomas PK (1975) Recurrent experimental allergic neuritis. J Neurol Sci 24:365–383
Pollard JD, MacLeod JG, Gatenby P et al (1983) Prediction of response to plasma exchange in chronic relapsing polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 58:269–287
Pollard JD et al (1986) Class II antigen expression and T lymphocyte subsets in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 13:123–134
Pollard JD, Baverstock J, McLeod JG (1987) Class II antigen expression and inflammatory cells in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 21:337–341
Pollock M, Calder C, Allpress S (1977) Peripheral nerve abnormality in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2:42–48
Powell HC, Braheny SL, Meyers RR et al (1983) Early changes in experimental allergic neuritis. Lab Invest 48:332–337
Prineas JW (1972) Acute idiopathic polyneuritis. An electron microscope study. Lab Invest 26:133–147
Prineas JW, McLeod JG (1976) Chronic relapsing polyneuritis. J Neurol Sci 27:427–458
Quarles RH, Amjad AI, Willison HJ (1990) Antibodies to gangliosides and myelin proteins in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 27(Suppl):S48–S52
Raine CS (1985) Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and experimental allergic neuritis. In: Koetsier JC (ed) Demyelinating diseases, vol 47, Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 429–466
Raine CS, Wisniewski H, Prineas J (1969) An ultrastructural study of experimental demyelination and remyelination. Part II. Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the peripheral nervous system. Lab Invest 21:316–327
Rechthand E, Cornblath DR, Stern BJ et al (1984) Chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 34:1375–1377
Rinaldi S (2013) Update on Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 18:99–112
Rizzuto N, Moretto G, Monaco S et al (1982) Chronic relapsing polyneuritis: a light- and electron- microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol 56:179–186
Ropper AH (1992) The Guillain-Barre syndrome. N Engl J Med 326:1130
Ropper AH, Wijdicks EFM, Truax BT (1991) Guillain-Barre syndrome, vol 34, Contemporary neurology series. FA Davis, Philadelphia
Rostami AM (1993) Pathogenesis of immune–mediated neuropathies. Pediatr Res 33(Suppl 1):S90–S94
Rostami A, Brown MJ, Lisak RP et al (1984) The role of myelin P2 protein in the production of experimental allergic neuritis. Ann Neurol 16:680–685
Rostami A, Burns JB, Brown MJ et al (1985) Transfer of experimental allergic neuritis with P2 reactive T–cell lines. Cell Immunol 91:354–361
Said G, Hontebeyrie-Joskowicz M (1992) Nerve Lesions induced by macrophage activation. Res Immunol 143:589–599
Said G, Krarup C (2013) Chronic inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy. Chapter 22. In: Said G, Krarup C (eds) Peripheral nerve disorders, vol 115 (3rd series), Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 403–413
Saida T, Saida K, Lisak RP et al (1982) In vivo demyelinating activity of sera from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 11:69–75
Sanders ME, Koski CL, Robbins D et al (1986) Activated terminal complement in cerebrospinal fluid in Guillain-Barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 136:4456–4459
Sawant-Mane S, Clark MB, Koski CL (1991) In vitro demyelination by serum antibody from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome requires terminal complement complexes. Ann Neurol 29:397–404
Schenone A, De Martini I, Tabaton M et al (1988) Direct immunofluorescence in sural nerve biopsies. Eur Neurol 28:262–269
Schoene WC, Carpenter S, Behan PO et al (1977) “Onion Bulb” formations in the central and peripheral nervous system in association with multiple sclerosis and hypertrophic polyneuropathy. Brain 100:755–773
Sheremata W, Colby S, Kakhanis Y et al (1975) Cellular hypersensitivity to basic myelin (P2) protein in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Can J Neurol Sci 2:72–81
Sibley WA (1972) Polyneuritis. Med Clin North Am 56:1299–1319
Sladky JT, Brown MJ, Berman PH (1986) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy of infancy: a corticosteroid–responsive disorder. Ann Neurol 20:76–81
Sluga E, Poewe W (1983) Chronic idiopathic polyneuritis. Clin Neuropathol 2:31–41
Small GA, Lovelace RE (1993) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Semin Neurol 13:305–312
Smith KJ, Hall SM (1988) Peripheral demyelination and remyelination initiated by the calcium–selective ionophore ionomycin: in vivo observations. J Neurol Sci 83:37–53
Solders G (1988) Discomfort after fascicular sural nerve biopsy. Acta Neurol Scand 77:503–504
Stoll G, Schmidt B, Toyka KV et al (1991) Expression of the terminal complement complex (C5b–9) in autoimmune–mediated demyelination. Ann Neurol 30:147–155
Strigard K, Olsson T, Larsson P et al (1988) Modulation of experimental allergic neuritis in rats by in vivo treatment with monoclonal anti T cell antibodies. J Neurol Sci 83:283–291
Sumi SM, Farrell DF, Knauss TA (1983) Lymphoma and leukemia manifested by steroid–responsive polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol 40:577–582
Susuki K, Nishimoto Y, Yamada M et al (2003) Acute motor axonal neuropathy rabbit model: immune attack on nerve root axons. Ann Neurol 54:383–388
Susuki K, Rasband MN, Tohyama K et al (2007) Anti-GM1 antibodies cause complement-mediated disruption of sodium channel clusters in peripheral motor nerve fibers. J Neurosci 27:395639–395667
Svennerholm L, Fredman P (1990) Antibody detection in Guillain–Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 27(Suppl):S36–S40
Tabaraud F, Vallat JM, Hugon J et al (1990) Acute or subacute alcoholic neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Sci 97:195–205
Tandon DS, Griffin JW, Drachman DB et al (1980) Studies on the humoral mechanisms of inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. Neurology 30:362, abstract
Taylor WA, Brostoff SW, Hughes RAC (1991) P2 specific lymphocyte transformation in Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 104:52–55
Taylor BV, Dyck PJ, Engelstad J et al (2004) Multifocal motor neuropathy; pathologic alterations at the site of conduction block. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63:129–137
Thomas PK, Lascelles RG, Hallpike JF et al (1969) Recurrent and chronic relapsing Guillain-Barre polyneuritis. Brain 92:589–606
Thomas PK, Walker RWH, Rudge P et al (1986) Chronic demyelinating peripheral neuropathy associated with multifocal central nervous system demyelination. Ann Neurol 20:123, abstract
Triggs WJ, Cros D, Gominak SC et al (1992) Motor nerve inexcitability in Guillain-Barre syndrome. The spectrum of distal conduction block and axonal degeneration. Brain 115:1291–1302
Uncini A, Gallucci M, Lugaresi A et al (1991) CNS involvement in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: an electrophysiological and MRI study. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 31:365–371
Uncini A, Susuki K, Yuki N (2013) Nodo-paranodopathy: beyond the demyelinating and axonal classification in anti-ganglioside antibody-mediated neuropathies. Clin Neurophysiol 124:1928–1934
Vallat JM, Hugon J, Tabaraud F et al (1990) Quatre cas de syndrome de Guillain-Barre avec lesions axonales. Rev Neurol 146:420–424
Vallat JM, Leboutet MJ, Jauberteau MO et al (1994) Widenings of the myelin lamellae in a typical Guillain–Barre syndrome. Muscle Nerve 17:378–380
Van den Bergh P, Logigian EL, Kelly JJ Jr (1989) Motor neuropathy with multifocal conduction blocks. Muscle Nerve 12:26–31
Van der Meche FGA, Meulstee J, Kleyweg RP (1991) Axonal damage in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Muscle Nerve 14:997–1002
Van der Meche FGA, Schitz PIM et al (1992) A randomized trial comparing intravenous immune globulin and plasma exchange in Guillain-Barre syndrome. N Engl J Med 326:1123–1129
Van Doorn PA, Brand A, Vermeulen M (1987) Clinical significance of antibodies against peripheral nerve tissue in inflammatory polyneuropathy. Neurology 37:1798–1802
Van Doorn PA, Vermeulen M, Brand A et al (1991) Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with improvement. Arch Neurol 48:217–220
Verma A, Tandan R, Adestina AM et al (1990) Focal neuropathy preceding chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy by several years. Acta Neurol Scand 81:516–521
Vital C, Brechenmacher C, Cardinaud JP et al (1985) Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in a diabetic patient: predominance of vesicular disruption in myelin sheaths. Acta Neuropathol 67:337–340
Vital A, Beylot M, Vital C et al (1992) Morphological findings on peripheral nerve biopsies in 15 patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Acta Neuropathol 83:618–623
Vlam L, van der Pol WL, Cats EA et al (2011) Multifocal motor neuropathy: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 8:41–58
Vriesendorp FJ, Mayer RF, Koski CL (1991) Kinetics of anti–peripheral myelin antibody in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome treated and not treated with plasmapheresis. Arch Neurol 48:858–861
Vriesendorp FJ, Mishu B, Blaser MJ et al (1993) Serum antibodies to GM1, GD1b, peripheral nerve myelin, and Campylobacter jejuni in patients with Guillain–Barre syndrome and controls: correlation and prognosis. Ann Neurol 34:130–135
Waksman BH, Adams RD (1955) Allergic neuritis: an experimental disease of rabbits induced by the injection of peripheral nervous tissue and adjuvants. J Exp Med 102:213–236
Watanabe S, Ohnishi A (1979) Subperineurial space of the sural nerve in various peripheral nerve diseases. Acta Neuropathol 46:227–230
Winer JB (2011) Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical variants and their pathogenesis. J Neuroimmunol 231:70–72
Winer JB, Gray IA, Gregson NA et al (1988) A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy III. Immunological studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:619–625
Wisniewski H, Terry RD, Whitaker JN et al (1969) Landry Guillain-Barre syndrome. A primary demyelinating disease. Arch Neurol 21:269–276
Yokota T, Kanda T, Hirashima F et al (1992) Is the acute axonal form of Guillain-Barre syndrome a primary axonopathy? Muscle Nerve 15:1211–1213
Yuki N (2013) Acute motor axonal neuropathy and multifocal motor neuropathy: more in common than not. Muscle Nerve. doi:10.1002/mus.23871
Yuki N, Sato S, Itoh T et al (1991) BLA–B35 and acute axonal polyneuropathy following Campylobacter infection. Neurology 41:1561–1563
Yuki N, Kuwabara S, Koga M, Hirata K (1999) Acute motor axonal neuropathy and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy share a common immunological profile. J Neurol Sci 168:121–126
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bilbao, J.M., Schmidt, R.E. (2015). The Inflammatory Demyelinating Neuropathies. In: Biopsy Diagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07311-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07311-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-07310-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-07311-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)