Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stroke

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neurological Disorders in the Arab World

Abstract

Stroke is a common neurological disorder, the second most common cause of death, and a major cause of disability in survivors. This chapter discuss stroke incidence, prevalence, types, risk factors, case fatality, and other stroke related aspects in the Arab World. Generally, the incidence of stroke in the Arab countries is on the lower side relative to developed nations, and this pattern persists even after age correction. Some data from Egypt, Libya, and Saudi Arabia indicate some changes in the time-trend of stroke frequency. The data about prevalence rates are limited. Existing studies suggest that stroke types and ischaemic stroke subtypes among Arabs are generally similar to those in the developed world; however, there is some indication that there is a high frequency of cerebral haemorrhage and lacunar infarction in Arabs. A large proportion of stroke risk factors among Arabs are well-known modifiable factors, such as hypertension and diabetes. Stroke mortality rate increases with age and is higher for cerebral haemorrhage. Stroke case-fatality at 1 month is slightly less than in other populations. Young stroke represents 6–20 % of all stroke. The pattern of cerebral venous thrombosis in Arab countries is not different from what has been described in other populations. Studies on the management of stroke, long-term outcome and knowledge about stroke are almost non-existent. Most data on stroke in Arab countries come from hospital-based rather than population-based studies. Thus, well-designed studies are needed to pave the way for fighting this disabling condition in the Arab World.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mathers CD, Lopez AD, Murry CJL. The burden of disease and mortality by condition: data, methods, and results for 2001. In: Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL, editors. Global burden of disease and risk factors. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2006. p. 45–240.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Donnan GA, Dewey HM, Thrift AG, Sturm J. The epidemiology of stroke. In: Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR, Dewey HM, Diserens K, Donnan GA, Medina MT, Rothacher G, Salinas LCR, Sturm J, Thrift GA, editors. Stroke: selected topics. New York: Demos Medical Publishing; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):355–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Salinas LCR, Medina MT. Stroke in developing countries. In: Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR, Dewey HM, Diserens K, Donnan GA, Medina MT, Rothacher G, Salinas LCR, Sturm J, Thrift GA, editors. Stroke: selected topics. New York: Demos Medical Publishing; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Reynolds EH, Kinnier Wilson JV. Stroke in Babylonia. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):597–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Menotti A. Relative incidence of myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accidents among Arabs of Tripolitania. Acta Cardiol. 1963;18:248–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ayoola AE, Banzal SS, Elamin AK, Godour MO, Elsammani EW, Al-Hazmi MH. Profile of stroke in Gizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences. 2003;8(4):229–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Farghaly WM, El-Tallawy HN, Shehata GA, Rageh TA, Abdel-Hakeem NM, Elhamed MA, et al. Epidemiology of nonfatal stroke and transient ischemic attack in Al-Kharga District, New Valley, Egypt. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1785–90.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tran J, Mirzaei M, Anderson L, Leeder SR. The epidemiology of stroke in the Middle East and North Africa. J Neurol Sci. 2010;295(1–2):38–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(1):43–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Connor MD, Walker R, Modi G, Warlow CP. Burden of stroke in black populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):269–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu M, Wang W, Lee L, Zhang S, Kong L. Stroke in China: epidemiology, prevention, and management strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(5):456–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wu X, Zhu B, Fu L, Wang H, Zhou B, Zou S, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in the Chinese island populations: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e78629.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lavados PM, Hennis AJ, Fernandes JG, Medina MT, Legetic B, Hoppe A, et al. Stroke epidemiology, prevention, and management strategies at a regional level: Latin America and the Caribbean. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(4):362–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Saposnik G, Del Brutto OH. Diseases ISoC: stroke in South America: a systematic review of incidence, prevalence, and stroke subtypes. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2103–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hosseini AA, Sobhani-Rad D, Ghandehari K, Benamer HT. Frequency and clinical patterns of stroke in Iran – Systematic and critical review. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:72.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Abdul-Ghaffar NU, El-Sonbaty MR, El-Din Abdul-Baky MS, Marafie AA, Al-Said AM. Stroke in Kuwait: a three-year prospective study. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16(1):40–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Al-Rajeh S, Larbi EB, Bademosi O, Awada A, Yousef A, Al-Freihi H, et al. Stroke register: experience from the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998;8(2):86–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. El Zunni S, Ahmed M, Prakash PS, Hassan KM. Stroke: incidence and pattern in Benghazi, Libya. Ann Saudi Med. 1995;15(4):367–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ashok PP, Radhakrishnan K, Sridharan R, El-Mangoush MA. Incidence and pattern of cerebrovascular diseases in Benghazi, Libya. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1986;49(5):519–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. El-Tallawy HN, Farghaly WM, Shehata GA, Abdel-Hakeem NM, Rageh TA, Badry R, et al. Epidemiology of non-fatal cerebrovascular stroke and transient ischemic attacks in Al Quseir, Egypt. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:1547–51.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kandil M, El-Tallawy H, Farawez H, Ahmed M, Hamed S, Ali A. Epidemiology of cerebrovascular stroke and TIA in Upper Egypt (Sohag)- relative frequency of stroke in Assiut University Hospital. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg. 2006;43(1):593–602.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Al Rajeh S, Awada A, Niazi G, Larbi E. Stroke in a Saudi Arabian National Guard community. Analysis of 500 consecutive cases from a population-based hospital. Stroke. 1993;24(11):1635–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hamad A, Sokrab TE, Momeni S, Mesraoua B, Lingren A. Stroke in Qatar: a one-year, hospital-based study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;10(5):236–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Al-Jishi AA, Mohan PK. Profile of stroke in Bahrain. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2000;5(1):30–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sweileh WM, Sawalha AF, Al-Aqad SM, Zyoud SH, Al-Jabi SW. The epidemiology of stroke in Northern Palestine: a 1-year, hospital-based study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;17(6):406–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sudlow CL, Warlow CP. Comparing stroke incidence worldwide: what makes studies comparable? Stroke. 1996;27(3):550–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Feigin V, Hoorn SV. How to study stroke incidence. Lancet. 2004;363(9425):1920.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Benamer HT. Neurological disorders in Libya: an overview. Neuroepidemiology. 2007;29(3–4):143–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Attia Romdhane N, Ben Hamida M, Mrabet A, Larnaout A, Samoud S, Ben Hamda A, et al. Prevalence study of neurologic disorders in Kelibia (Tunisia). Neuroepidemiology. 1993;12(5):285–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Al-Rajeh S, Bademosi O, Ismail H, Awada A, Dawodu A, Al-Freihi H, et al. A community survey of neurological disorders in Saudi Arabia: the Thugbah study. Neuroepidemiology. 1993;12(3):164–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Al-Rajeh S, Bademosi O, Awada A, Ismail H, Al-Freihi H, Dawodu A, et al. Community survey of neurological disorders in Saudi Arabia: results of the pilot study in Agrabiah. Ann Saudi Med. 1995;15(1):32–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Khedr EM, Elfetoh NA, Al Attar G, Ahmed MA, Ali AM, Hamdy A, et al. Epidemiological study and risk factors of stroke in Assiut Governorate, Egypt: community-based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2013;40(4):288–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yaqub BA, Shamena AR, Kolawole TM, Patel PJ. Cerebrovascular disease in Saudi Arabia. Stroke. 1991;22(9):1173–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Al-Rajeh SM, Larbi EB, Al-Freihi H, Ahmed K, Muhana F, Bademosi O. A clinical study of stroke. East Afr Med J. 1989;66(3):183–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Al-Rajeh S, Larbi E, Bademosi O, Awada A, Ismail H, Al-Freihi H. Pattern and ethnic variations in stroke in Saudi Arabia. J Neurol Sci. 1991;102(1):112–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Al-Rajeh S, Larbi E, Bademosi O, Awada A, Ismail H, Al-Freihi H, et al. Stroke in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia: a study of 372 cases. Eur Neurol. 1991;31(4):251–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Al Rajeh S. Stroke in the elderly aged 75 years and above. A study from Saudi Arabia. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;4:402–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Awada A, Al Rajeh S. The Saudi Stroke Data Bank. Analysis of the first 1000 cases. Acta Neurol Scand. 1999;100(4):265–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Al Tahan A, Buchur J, El Khwsky F, Ogunniyi A, Al-Rajeh S, Larbi E, et al. Risk factors of stroke at high and low altitude areas in Saudi Arabia. Arch Med Res. 1998;29(2):173–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. El Sayed MM, Adeuja AOG, El-Nahrawy E, Olaish MAM. Characteristics of stroke in Hofuf, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 1999;19(1):27–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Auais MA, Alzyoud JM, Sbieh Z, Abdulla FA. The risk factors of CVA in Jordan. Physiother Theory Pract. 2012;28(8):588–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ashkanani A, Hassan KA, Lamdhade S. Risk factors of stroke patients admitted to a general hospital in Kuwait. Int J Neurosci. 2013;123(2):89–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Greenberg E, Treger I, Schwarz J. Age, gender and risk factor disparities in first-stroke Jewish and Arab patients in Israel undergoing rehabilitation. Isr Med Assoc J. 2011;13(11):680–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Khan FY, Yasin M, Abu-Khattab M, El Hiday AH, Errayes M, Lotf AK, et al. Stroke in Qatar: a first prospective hospital-based study of acute stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;17(2):69–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sokrab TE, Sid-Ahmed FM, Idris MN. Acute stroke type, risk factors, and early outcome in a developing country: a view from Sudan using a hospital-based sample. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;11(2):63–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. McLachlan RS. Cerebrovascular disease in United Arab Emirates nationals. Emirates Med J. 2002;20(2):153–6.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sudlow CL, Warlow CP. Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. International Stroke Incidence Collaboration. Stroke. 1997;28(3):491–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kalantan KA, Mohamed AG, Al-Taweel AA, Abdul Ghani HM. Hypertension among attendants of primary health care centers in Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2001;22(11):960–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bahou Y, Hamid H, Raqab MZ. Ischemic stroke in Jordan 2000 to 2002: a two-year, hospital-based study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;13(2):81–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Al-Shammri S, Shahid Z, Ghali A, Mehndiratta MM, Swaminathan TR, Chadha G, et al. Risk factors, subtypes and outcome of ischaemic stroke in Kuwait–a hospital-based study. Med Princ Pract. 2003;12(4):218–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Deleu D, Hamad AA, Kamram S, El Siddiq A, Al Hail H, Hamdy SM. Ethnic variations in risk factor profile, pattern and recurrence of non-cardioembolic ischemic stroke. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(5):655–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Telman G, Kouperberg E, Sprecher E, Yarnitsky D. Ethnic differences in ischemic stroke of working age in northern Israel. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;19(5):376–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tanizaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Shinohara N, et al. Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population: the Hisayama study. Stroke. 2000;31(11):2616–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Tsai CF, Thomas B, Sudlow CL. Epidemiology of stroke and its subtypes in Chinese vs white populations: a systematic review. Neurology. 2013;81(3):264–72.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Markus HS, Khan U, Birns J, Evans A, Kalra L, Rudd AG, et al. Differences in stroke subtypes between black and white patients with stroke: the South London Ethnicity and Stroke Study. Circulation. 2007;116(19):2157–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. El-Shahat YI, Bakir SZ, Farjou N, Hashim T, Bohaliga A, Al-Hossani H, et al. Hypertension in UAE citizens – preliminary results of a prospective study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 1999;10(3):376–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Saadi H, Carruthers SG, Nagelkerke N, Al-Maskari F, Afandi B, Reed R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications in a population-based sample in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78(3):369–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Al-Nozha MM, Al-Maatouq MA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Harthi SS, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(11):1603–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas. 2013. http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/data-visualisations. Accessed 25 Jan 2014.

  61. Telman G, Hlebtovsky A, Sprecher E, Zaaroor M, Kouperberg E. Ethnic disparities in first primary intracerebral hemorrhage in northern Israel. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;34(4):208–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Differences in vascular risk factors between etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke: importance of population-based studies. Stroke. 2003;34(8):2050–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Feigin VL, Rodgers A. Ethnic disparities in risk factors for stroke: what are the implications? Stroke. 2004;35(7):1568–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Al Rajeh SM. Transient ischaemic attacks in Saudi Arabia-a study of 106 cases. Saudi Med J. 1994;15(3):230–3.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Awada A, Daif A, Obeid T, Al Rajeh S. Nontraumatic cerebral hemorrhage in the young: a study of 107 cases. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998;7(3):200–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Awada A, Russell N, Al Rajeh S, Omojola M. Non-traumatic cerebral hemorrhage in Saudi Arabs: a hospital-based study of 243 cases. J Neurol Sci. 1996;144(1–2):198–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Bahou YG. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2009;14(2):152–7.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Abdel-Naseer MM, El-Hattab O. Serum total cholesterol in Egyptian patients with intercerebral haemorrhage. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg. 2004;41(2):489–93.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Jamil SA, Khan AS, Akturk Z. Predictors of outcome for non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2010;13(2):263–7.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Dahbour SS. Lipid profile in Jordanian patients with first ever ischaemic stroke. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2008;13(4):387–90.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ali HA, Osman RR, Idris MN, Sokrab TO. Anticardiolipin antibodies in stroke patients in Sudan. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2007;12(1):21–4.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Niazi GA, Awada A, Al Rajeh S, Larbi E. Hematological values and their assessment as risk factor in Saudi patients with stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;89(6):439–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Elagib AH, Ahmed AE, Hussein A, Musa AM, Khalil EA, El-Hassan AM. Possible predisposing factors for thrombotic cerebrovascular accidents in Sudanese patients. Saudi Med J. 2008;29(2):304–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Mujlli HM, Bo X, L Z. The effect of Khat (Catha edulis) on acute cerebral infarction. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2005;10(3):219–22.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Salem-Berrabah OB, Mrissa R, Machghoul S, Hamida AB, N’siri B, Mazigh C, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia, C677T MTHFR polymorphism and ischemic stroke in Tunisian patients. Tunis Med. 2010;88(9):655–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fekih-Mrissa N, Mrad M, Klai S, Mansour M, Nsiri B, Gritli N, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms, hyperhomocysteinemia, and ischemic stroke in Tunisian patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(4):465–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Sawalha AF. Characterization of hospitalized ischemic stroke patients in Palestine. Libyan J Med. 2009;4:39–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Awada A. Stroke in Saudi Arabian young adults: a study of 120 cases. Acta Neurol Scand. 1994;89:323–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Radhakrishnan K, Ashok PP, Sridharan R, Mousa ME. Stroke in the young: incidence and pattern in Benghazi, Libya. Acta Neurol Scand. 1986;73(4):434–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Khan FY. Risk factors of young ischemic stroke in Qatar. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007;109(9):770–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Bashir R, Al-Kawi MZ. Stroke in the young. King Faisal Spec Hosp Med J. 1983;3:149–53.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Obeid T, Daif A, Panayiotopoulos CC, Yaqub BA, Shamena A, Al-Bunyan MA, et al. Stroke in the young in the Riyadh area, Saudi Arabia. J Trop Geogr Neurol. 1991;1:89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Daif AK. Anticardiolipin antibodies as an independent risk factor for stroke in young Saudis. Funct Neurol. 1998;13(4):285–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Guenther G, Arauz A. Cerebral venous thrombosis: a diagnostic and treatment update. Neurologia. 2011;26(8):488–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Vembu P, John JK, Mohammed MI, Al-Shubaili AF. Cerebral venous thrombosis in Kuwait. Clinical presentation, risk factors, and management. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2011;16(2):129–36.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Daif A, Awada A, Al-Rajeh S, Abduljabbar M, Al Tahan AR, Obeid T, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults. A study of 40 cases from Saudi Arabia. Stroke. 1995;26(7):1193–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Kajtazi NI, Zimmerman VA, Arulneyam JC, Al-Shami SY, Al-Senani FM. Cerebral venous thrombosis in Saudi Arabia. Clinical variables, response to treatment, and outcome. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2009;14(4):349–54.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Algahtani HA, Abdu AP, Shami AM, Hassan AE, Madkour MA, Al-Ghamdi SM, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2011;16(4):329–34.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Idris MN, Sokrab TE, Ibrahim EA, Mirgani SM, Elzibair MA, Osman RR, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Clinical presentation and outcome in a prospective series from Sudan. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2008;13(4):408–11.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Durai Pandian J, Padma V, Vijaya P, Sylaja PN, Murthy JM. Stroke and thrombolysis in developing countries. Int J Stroke. 2007;2(1):17–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Al Khathaami AM, Algahtani H, Alwabel A, Alosherey N, Kojan S, Aljumah M. The status of acute stroke care in Saudi Arabia: an urgent call for action! Int J Stroke. 2011;6(1):75–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Althubaity E, Yunus F, Al Khathaami AM. Assessment of the experience of Saudi emergency medical services personnel with acute stroke. On-scene stroke identification, triaging, and dispatch of acute stroke patients. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2013;18(1):40–5.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Mendis S, Abegunde D, Yusuf S, Ebrahim S, Shaper G, Ghannem H, et al. WHO study on Prevention of REcurrences of Myocardial Infarction and StrokE (WHO-PREMISE). Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(11):820–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kamran S, Bener AB, Deleu D, Khoja W, Jumma M, Al Shubali A, et al. The level of awareness of stroke risk factors and symptoms in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: Gulf Cooperation Council stroke awareness study. Neuroepidemiology. 2007;29(3–4):235–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Al Shafaee MA, Ganguly SS, Al Asmi AR. Perception of stroke and knowledge of potential risk factors among Omani patients at increased risk for stroke. BMC Neurol. 2006;6:38.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hamdy H, Abdel-Monem A, Emara TH, Moustafa RR, Abdel Bar A, Abuzeid SH, et al. Knowledge and attitudes towards stroke among worker in Two University Hospitals. Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg. 2013;50(1):49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Hatano S. Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report. Bull World Health Organ. 1976;54(5):541–53.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Al-Mahdawi AM. Transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke risk factors and preventive roles of the first contact physicians. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2005;10(1):56–60.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Awad SM, Al-Jumaily HF, Al-Dulaimi KM, Abdulghafoor RH. Assessment of major risk factors among stroke patients. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(9):1028–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Bahou Y, Hamid H, Hadidi A. Ischaemic stroke in Jordan: a 2-year hospital-based study of subtypes and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J. 2004;10(1–2):138–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Qari FA. Profile of stroke in a teaching university hospital in the western region. Saudi Med J. 2000;21(11):1030–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK

    Hani T. S. Benamer FRCP, PhD

Authors
  1. Hani T. S. Benamer FRCP, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Benamer, H.T.S. (2014). Stroke. In: Neurological Disorders in the Arab World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07257-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07257-9_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-07256-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-07257-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation