Abstract
In this paper, we consider model reduction of linear and nonlinear differential-algebraic equations arising in circuit simulation. Circuit equations obtained using modified nodal or loop analysis have a ;special structure that can be exploited to construct efficient model reduction algorithms. For linear systems, we review passivity-preserving balanced truncation model reduction methods that are based on solving projected Lur’e or Lyapunov matrix equations. Furthermore, a ;topology-based index-preserving procedure for extracting large linear subnetworks from nonlinear circuits is given. Finally, we describe a ;new MATLAB Toolbox PABTEC for model reduction of circuit equations and present some results of numerical experiments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, B., Vongpanitlerd, S.: Network Analysis and Synthesis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1973)
Andrásfai, B.: Graph Theory: Flows, Matrices. Adam Hilger, New York/Bristol (1991)
Antoulas, A.: Approximation of Large-Scale Dynamical Systems. SIAM, Philadelphia, PA (2005)
Antoulas, A.: A new result on passivity preserving model reduction. Syst. Control Lett. 54(4), 361–374 (2005)
Antoulas, A., Beattie, C., Gugercin, S.: Interpolatory model reduction of large-scale dynamical systems. In: Mohammadpour, J., Grigoriadis, K. (eds.) Efficient Modeling and Control of Large-Scale Systems, pp. 3–58. Springer, New York (2010)
Bai, Z.: Krylov subspace techniques for reduced-order modeling of large-scale dynamical systems. Appl. Numer. Math. 43, 9–44 (2002)
Bechtold, T., Verhoeven, A., ter Maten, E., Voss, T.: Model order reduction: an advanced, efficient and automated computational tool for microsystems. In: Cutello, V., Fotia, G., Puccio, L. (eds.) Applied and Industrial Mathematics in Italy II, Selected Contributions from the 8th SIMAI Conference. Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences, vol. 75, pp. 113–124. World Scientific, Singapore (2007)
Benner, P.: Numerical solution of special algebraic Riccati equations via exact line search method. In: Proceedings of the European Control Conference (ECC97), paper 786. BELWARE Information Technology, Waterloo (1997)
Benner, P., Quintana-Ortí, E.: Solving stable generalized Lyapunov equations with the matrix sign function. Numer. Algorithms 20(1), 75–100 (1999)
Benner, P., Stykel, T.: Numerical solution of projected algebraic Riccati equations. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 52(2), 581–600 (2014)
Benner, P., Quintana-Ortí, E., Quintana-Ortí, G.: Efficient numerical algorithms for balanced stochastic truncation. Int. J. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci. 11(5), 1123–1150 (2001)
Benner, P., Hernández, V., Pastor, A.: The Kleinman iteration for nonstabilizable systems. Math. Control Signals Syst. 16, 76–93 (2003)
Benner, P., Mehrmann, V., Sorensen, D. (eds.): Dimension Reduction of Large-Scale Systems. Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, vol. 45. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2005)
Benner, P., Li, J.R., Penzl, T.: Numerical solution of large Lyapunov equations, Riccati equations, and linear-quadratic control problems. Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 15, 755–777 (2008)
Benner, P., Mena, H., Saak, J.: On the parameter selection problem in the Newton-ADI iteration for large-scale Riccati equations. Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal. 29, 136–149 (2008)
Benner, P., Kürschner, P., Saak, J.: Efficient handling of complex shift parameters in the low-rank Cholesky factor ADI method. Numer. Algorithms 62(2), 225–251 (2013)
Brenan, K., Campbell, S., Petzold, L.: The Numerical Solution of Initial-Value Problems in Differential-Algebraic Equations. Classics in Applied Mathematics, vol. 14. SIAM, Philadelphia, PA (1996)
Chan, T.: Rank revealing QR factorizations. Linear Algebra Appl. 88/89, 67–82 (1987)
Chua, L.: Dynamic nonlinear networks: state-of-the-art. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. 27(11), 1059–1087 (1980)
Chua, L., Desoer, C., Kuh, E.: Linear and Nonlinear Circuits. McGraw-Hill, New York (1987)
Dai, L.: Singular Control Systems. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, vol. 118. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (1989)
Deo, N.: Graph Theory with Application to Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1974)
EstévezSchwarz, D.: A step-by-step approach to compute a consistent initialization for the MNA. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 30, 1–16 (2002)
Estévez Schwarz, D., Tischendorf, C.: Structural analysis for electric circuits and consequences for MNA. Int. J. Circuit Theory Appl. 28, 131–162 (2000)
Freund, R.: Model reduction methods based on Krylov subspaces. Acta Numer. 12, 267–319 (2003)
Freund, R.: SPRIM: structure-preserving reduced-order interconnect macromodeling. In: Technical Digest of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 80–87. IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamos, CA (2004)
Freund, R.: Structure-preserving model order reduction of RCL circuit equations. In: Schilders, W., van der Vorst, H., Rommes, J. (eds.) Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications. Mathematics in Industry, vol. 13, pp. 49–73. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2008)
Golub, G., Van Loan, C.: Matrix Computations, 3rd edn. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London (1996)
Griepentrog, E., März, R.: Differential-Algebraic Equations and Their Numerical Treatment. Teubner-Texte zur Mathematik, vol. 88. B.G. Teubner, Leipzig (1986)
Grimme, E.: Krylov projection methods for model reduction. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (1997)
Gugercin, S., Antoulas, A.: A survey of model reduction by balanced truncation and some new results. Int. J. Control 77(8), 748–766 (2004)
Gugercin, S., Antoulas, A., Beattie, C.: \(\mathcal{H}_{2}\) model reduction for large-scale linear dynamical systems. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 30(2), 609–638 (2008)
Hairer, E., Wanner, G.: Solving Ordinary Differential Equations II - Stiff and Differential-Algebraic Problems, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (1996)
Heinkenschloss, M., Reis, T.: Model reduction for a class of nonlinear electrical circuits by reduction of linear subcircuits. Technical Report 702–2010, DFG Research Center Matheon, Technische Universität Berlin (2010). http://http://www.math.tu-berlin.de/~reis/Publicat/pr_10_702.pdf
Hinze, M., Kunkel, M.: Residual based sampling in pod model order reduction of drift-diffusion equations in parametrized electrical networks. Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 92(2), 91–104 (2012)
Hinze, M., Kunkel, M., Steinbrecher, A., Stykel, T.: Model order reduction of coupled circuit-device systems. Int. J. Numer. Model. Electron. Networks Devices Fields 25, 362–377 (2012)
Ho, C.W., Ruehli, A., Brennan, P.: The modified nodal approach to network analysis. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. 22(6), 504–509 (1975)
Ionutiu, R., Rommes, J., Antoulas, A.: Passivity-preserving model reduction using dominant spectral-zero interpolation. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 27(12), 2250–2263 (2008)
Ipach, H.: Graphentheoretische Anwendungen in der Analyse elektrischer Schaltkreise. Bachelorarbeit, Universität Hamburg (2013)
Jungnickel, D.: Graphs, Network and Algorithms. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2005)
Kleinman, D.: On an iterative technique for Riccati equation computations. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 13, 114–115 (1968)
Knockaert, L., De Zutter, D.: Laguerre-SVD reduced-order modeling. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 48(9), 1469–1475 (2000)
Kunkel, P., Mehrmann, V.: Differential-Algebraic Equations. Analysis and Numerical Solution. EMS Publishing House, Zürich (2006)
Li, J.R., White, J.: Low rank solution of Lyapunov equations. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 24(1), 260–280 (2002)
Liu, W., Sreeram, V., Teo, K.: Model reduction for state-space symmetric systems. Syst. Control Lett. 34(4), 209–215 (1998)
Moore, B.: Principal component analysis in linear systems: controllability, observability, and model reduction. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 26(1), 17–32 (1981)
Ober, R.: Balanced parametrization of classes of linear systems. SIAM J. Control Optim. 29(6), 1251–1287 (1991)
Odabasioglu, A., Celik, M., Pileggi, L.: PRIMA: passive reduced-order interconnect macromodeling algorithm. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 17(8), 645–654 (1998)
Ovalekar, V., Narayanan, H.: Fast loop matrix generation for hybrid analysis and a comparison of the sparsity of the loop impedance and MNA impedance submatrices. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS ’92, vol. 4, pp. 1780–1783 (1992)
Penzl, T.: A cyclic low-rank Smith method for large sparse Lyapunov equations. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 21(4), 1401–1418 (1999/2000)
Penzl, T.: LYAPACK Users Guide. Preprint SFB393/00-33, Fakultät für Mathematik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz (2000). Available from http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/sfb393/sfb00pr.html
Phillips, J., Daniel, L., Silveira, L.: Guaranteed passive balancing transformations for model order reduction. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 22(8), 1027–1041 (2003)
Poloni, F., Reis, T.: A deflation approach for large-scale Lur’e equations. SIAM. J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 33(4), 1339–1368 (2012)
Reis, T., Stykel, T.: PABTEC: Passivity-preserving balanced truncation for electrical circuits. IEEE Trans. Compu. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 29(9), 1354–1367 (2010)
Reis, T., Stykel, T.: Positive real and bounded real balancing for model reduction of descriptor systems. Int. J. Control 83(1), 74–88 (2010)
Reis, T., Stykel, T.: Lyapunov balancing for passivity-preserving model reduction of RC circuits. SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 10(1), 1–34 (2011)
Rewieński, M.: A trajectory piecewise-linear approach to model order reduction of nonlinear dynamical systems. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003)
Riaza, R., Tischendorf, C.: Qualitative features of matrix pencils and DAEs arising in circuit dynamics. Dyn. Syst. 22, 107–131 (2007)
Riaza, R., Tischendorf, C.: The hyperbolicity problem in electrical circuit theory. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 33(17), 2037–2049 (2010)
Rommes, J., Schilders, W.: Efficient methods for large resistor networks. IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst. 29(1), 28–39 (2010)
Roos, J., Costa, L. (eds.): Scientific Computing in Electrical Engineering SCEE 2008. Mathematics in Industry, vol. 14. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2010)
Saad, Y.: Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems. PWS Publishing Company, Boston, MA (1996)
Sabino, J.: Solution of large-scale Lyapunov equations via the block modified Smith method. Ph.D. thesis, Rice University, Houston (2006)
Schilders, W., van der Vorst, H., J., R. (eds.): Model Order Reduction: Theory, Research Aspects and Applications. Mathematics in Industry, vol. 13. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2008)
Sirovich, L.: Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. I: coherent structures. II: symmetries and transformations. III: dynamics and scaling. Q. Appl. Math. 45, 561–590 (1987)
Sorensen, D.: Passivity preserving model reduction via interpolation of spectral zeros. Syst. Control Lett. 54(4), 347–360 (2005)
Soto, M.S., Tischendorf, C.: Numerical analysis of DAEs from coupled circuit and semiconductor simulation. Appl. Numer. Math. 53(2–4), 471–88 (2005)
Steinbrecher, A., Stykel, T.: Model order reduction of nonlinear circuit equations. Int. J. Circuits Theory Appl. 41, 1226–1247 (2013)
Stykel, T.: Gramian-based model reduction for descriptor systems. Math. Control Signals Syst. 16, 297–319 (2004)
Stykel, T.: Low-rank iterative methods for projected generalized Lyapunov equations. Electron. Trans. Numer. Anal. 30, 187–202 (2008)
Stykel, T.: Balancing-related model reduction of circuit equations using topological structure. In: Benner, P., Hinze, M., ter Maten, E. (eds.) Model Reduction for Circuit Simulation. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 74, pp. 53–80. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2011)
Stykel, T., Reis, T.: The PABTEC algorithm for passivity-preserving model reduction of circuit equations. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems, MTNS 2010, Budapest, 5–9 July 2010, paper 363. ELTE, Budapest (2010)
Tischendorf, C.: Coupled systems of differential algebraic and partial differential equations in circuit and device simulation. Habilitation thesis, Humboldt-Universität Berlin (2004)
Varga, A.: On computing high accuracy solutions of a class of Riccati equations. Control Theory Adv. Technol. 10, 2005–2016 (1995)
Vlach, J., Singhal, K.: Computer Methods for Circuit Analysis and Design. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1994)
Wachspress, E.: Iterative solution of the Lyapunov matrix equation. Appl. Math. Lett. 1, 87–90 (1988)
Wachspress, E.: The ADI minimax problem for complex spectra. In: Kincaid, D., Hayes, L. (eds.) Iterative Methods for Large Linear Systems, pp. 251–271. Academic, San Diego (1990)
Wachspress, E.: The ADI Model Problem. Monograph, Windsor, CA (1995)
Weinbreg, L., Ruehili, A.: Combined modified loop analysis, modified nodal analysis for large-scale circuits. IBM Research Report RC 10407, IBM Research Devision (1984)
Acknowledgements
The work reported in this paper was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), grant no. 03STPAE3. Responsibility for the contents of this publication rests with the authors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Steinbrecher, A., Stykel, T. (2017). Element-Based Model Reduction in Circuit Simulation. In: Benner, P. (eds) System Reduction for Nanoscale IC Design. Mathematics in Industry, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07236-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07236-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-07235-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-07236-4
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)