Abstract
This chapter presents a quantitative summary of research with regard to the effects of school size on student achievement and noncognitive outcomes (such as involvement, participation, social cohesion, safety, attendance, etc.). The noncognitive outcomes are widely considered as desirable in it, but are also often assumed to be conducive to high academic performance.
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Notes
- 1.
This is a realistic example. The total variance and percentage of variance at the school level are roughly the same for the standardized test taken in the final year of Dutch primary education (Cito eindtoets).
- 2.
In a meta-analysis based on effect sizes the results would be weighted by the inverse of the sampling variance. This weighting method cannot applied in the present case, as information on sampling variance was not reported for the predicted outcomes in any of the publications reviewed. Note that sampling variance is computed as the observed variance in the sample divided by the number of respondents. In the present case we can only take into account the number of respondents. De facto we assume that differences in variance between samples do not differ substantially.
- 3.
If the standard deviation in school size is 5,00 instead of 1,000, a difference of 0.10 would imply an effect size of 0.05.
References
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Predicted School Mean Achievement (Standardized) Per School Size in Primary Education
| Â | Archibald (2006) | Fernandez (2011) | Lee and Loeb (2000) | (Maerten-Rivera et al. 2010) | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of schools | 55 | 252 | 264 | 198 | 769 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
150 | −0.339 |  |  | 0.295 |  |
200 | 0.296 | 0.000 | 0.073 | 0.272 | 0.116 |
250 | 0.254 | 0.000 | 0.054 | 0.249 | 0.101 |
300 | 0.211 | 0.000 | 0.037 | 0.226 | 0.086 |
350 | 0.168 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.204 | 0.072 |
400 | 0.126 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.181 | 0.059 |
450 | 0.083 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.158 | 0.046 |
500 | 0.041 | 0.000 | −0.009 | 0.135 | 0.035 |
550 | −0.002 | 0.000 | −0.015 | 0.113 | 0.024 |
600 | −0.044 | 0.000 | −0.019 | 0.090 | 0.014 |
650 | −0.087 | 0.000 | −0.021 | 0.067 | 0.004 |
700 | −0.130 | 0.000 | −0.021 | 0.045 | −0.005 |
750 | −0.172 | 0.000 | −0.018 | 0.022 | −0.013 |
800 | −0.215 | 0.000 | −0.014 | −0.001 | −0.020 |
850 | −0.257 | 0.000 | −0.007 | −0.024 | −0.027 |
900 |  | 0.000 | 0.002 | −0.046 |  |
950 |  | 0.000 | 0.013 | −0.069 |  |
1,000 |  | 0.000 | 0.026 | −0.092 |  |
1,050 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.114 |  |
1,100 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.137 |  |
1,150 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.160 |  |
1,200 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.183 |  |
1,250 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.205 |  |
1,300 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.228 |  |
1,350 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.251 |  |
1,400 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.274 |  |
1,450 |  | 0.000 |  | −0.296 |  |
1,500 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.319 |  |
1,550 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.342 |  |
1,600 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.364 |  |
1,650 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.387 |  |
1,700 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.41 |  |
1,750 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.433 |  |
1,800 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.455 |  |
1,850 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.478 |  |
1,900 |  | 0.000 |  | − 0.501 |  |
Appendix 2: Predicted Student Achievement (Standardized) Per School Size in Secondary Education
| Â | Carolan (2012) | Lee and Smith (1997) | Luyten (1994) | Ma and McIntyre (2005) | Rumberger and Palardy (2005) | Wyse et al. (2008) | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (students) | 9,647 | 9,812 | 4,507 | 1,518 | 14,199 | 12,853 | 54,134 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 |  | −0.144 |  | 0.000 |  |  |  |
150 |  | −0.115 | 0.000 | 0.000 |  |  |  |
200 |  | −0.088 | 0.000 | 0.000 |  | −0.284 |  |
250 |  | −0.062 | 0.000 | 0.000 |  | −0.256 |  |
300 |  | −0.038 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.032 | −0.228 |  |
350 |  | −0.016 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.029 | −0.202 |  |
400 | −0.011 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.027 | −0.176 | −0.051 |
450 | −0.011 | 0.024 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.025 | −0.152 | −0.041 |
500 | −0.012 | 0.042 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.022 | −0.128 | −0.032 |
550 | −0.012 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.020 | −0.105 | −0.022 |
600 | −0.013 | 0.072 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.018 | −0.083 | −0.014 |
650 | −0.013 | 0.085 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.015 | −0.062 | −0.006 |
700 | −0.013 | 0.096 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.013 | −0.042 | 0.002 |
750 | −0.013 | 0.106 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.011 | −0.023 | 0.009 |
800 | −0.013 | 0.114 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.009 | −0.004 | 0.015 |
850 | −0.012 | 0.120 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.007 | 0.013 | 0.021 |
900 | −0.012 | 0.125 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.005 | 0.029 | 0.027 |
950 | −0.012 | 0.128 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.003 | 0.045 | 0.032 |
1,000 | −0.011 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.001 | 0.060 | 0.037 |
1,050 | −0.011 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.074 | 0.041 |
1,100 | −0.010 | 0.128 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.086 | 0.044 |
1,150 | −0.009 | 0.125 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.098 | 0.047 |
1,200 | −0.008 | 0.120 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.109 | 0.050 |
1,250 | −0.007 | 0.114 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.120 | 0.052 |
1,300 | −0.006 | 0.106 |  | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.129 | 0.053 |
1,350 | −0.004 | 0.096 |  |  | 0.013 | 0.137 | 0.054 |
1,400 | −0.003 | 0.085 |  |  | 0.014 | 0.145 | 0.055 |
1,450 | −0.002 | 0.072 |  |  | 0.016 | 0.151 | 0.054 |
1,500 | 0.000 | 0.058 | Â | Â | 0.018 | 0.157 | 0.054 |
1,550 | 0.002 | 0.042 | Â | Â | 0.019 | 0.162 | 0.053 |
1,600 | 0.003 | 0.024 | Â | Â | 0.021 | 0.165 | 0.051 |
1,650 | 0.005 | 0.005 | Â | Â | 0.023 | 0.168 | 0.049 |
1,700 | 0.007 | −0.016 |  |  | 0.024 | 0.170 | 0.046 |
1,750 | 0.009 | −0.038 |  |  | 0.026 | 0.171 | 0.043 |
1,800 | 0.012 | −0.063 |  |  | 0.027 | 0.171 | 0.040 |
1,850 | 0.014 | −0.088 |  |  | 0.029 | 0.171 | 0.036 |
1,900 | 0.016 | −0.115 |  |  | 0.030 | 0.169 | 0.031 |
1,950 |  | −0.144 |  |  | 0.032 | 0.167 |  |
2,000 |  | −0.175 |  |  | 0.033 | 0.163 |  |
2,050 |  | −0.207 |  |  | 0.034 | 0.159 |  |
2,100 |  | −0.241 |  |  | 0.036 | 0.153 |  |
2,150 |  | −0.276 |  |  |  | 0.147 |  |
2,200 |  | − 0.313 |  |  |  | 0.140 |  |
2,250 |  | − 0.351 |  |  |  |  |  |
2,300 |  | − 0.391 |  |  |  |  |  |
2,350 |  | − 0.433 |  |  |  |  |  |
2,400 |  | − 0.476 |  |  |  |  |  |
Appendix 3: Predicted School Mean Achievement (Standardized) Per School Size in Secondary Education
| Â | Carolan (2012) | Fernandez (2011) | Lee and Smith (1997) | Luyten (1994) | Ma and McIntyre (2005) | Rumberger and Palardy (2005) | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (schools) | 579 | 252 | 789 | 116 | 34 | 912 | 2,648 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 |  |  | − 0.545 |  | 0.000 |  |  |
150 |  |  | − 0.434 | 0.000 | 0.000 |  |  |
200 |  |  | − 0.329 | 0.000 | 0.000 |  |  |
250 |  | 0.000 | −0.230 | 0.000 | 0.000 |  |  |
300 |  | 0.000 | −0.137 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.061 |  |
350 |  | 0.000 | −0.051 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.057 |  |
400 | −0.027 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.052 | −0.015 |
450 | −0.028 | 0.000 | 0.103 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.047 | 0.008 |
500 | −0.029 | 0.000 | 0.171 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.042 | 0.030 |
550 | −0.030 | 0.000 | 0.233 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.038 | 0.049 |
600 | −0.031 | 0.000 | 0.288 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.033 | 0.067 |
650 | −0.031 | 0.000 | −0.337 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.029 | 0.083 |
700 | −0.032 | 0.000 | −0.380 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.025 | 0.096 |
750 | −0.032 | 0.000 | −0.417 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.020 | 0.109 |
800 | −0.031 | 0.000 | −0.448 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.016 | 0.120 |
850 | −0.031 | 0.000 | −0.473 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.012 | 0.128 |
900 | −0.030 | 0.000 | −0.491 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.008 | 0.135 |
950 | −0.029 | 0.000 | −0.503 | 0.000 | 0.000 | −0.004 | 0.140 |
1,000 | −0.028 | 0.000 | −0.509 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.144 |
1,050 | −0.026 | 0.000 | −0.509 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.145 |
1,100 | −0.024 | 0.000 | −0.502 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.145 |
1,150 | −0.022 | 0.000 | −0.490 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.143 |
1,200 | −0.020 | 0.000 | −0.471 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.015 | 0.139 |
1,250 | −0.017 | 0.000 | −0.446 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.134 |
1,300 | −0.014 | 0.000 | −0.415 |  | 0.000 | 0.022 | 0.127 |
1,350 | −0.011 | 0.000 | −0.377 |  |  | 0.026 | 0.117 |
1,400 | −0.008 | 0.000 | −0.334 |  |  | 0.029 | 0.106 |
1,450 | −0.004 | 0.000 | 0.284 |  |  | 0.033 | 0.094 |
1,500 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.228 | Â | Â | 0.036 | 0.079 |
1,550 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.166 | Â | Â | 0.039 | 0.063 |
1,600 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.098 | Â | Â | 0.042 | 0.045 |
1,650 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.023 | Â | Â | 0.045 | 0.025 |
1,700 | 0.018 | 0.000 | −0.057 |  |  | 0.048 | 0.003 |
1,750 | 0.023 | 0.000 | −0.144 |  |  | 0.051 | −0.020 |
1,800 | 0.029 | 0.000 | −0.237 |  |  | 0.054 | −0.045 |
1,850 | 0.034 | 0.000 | −0.336 |  |  | 0.057 | −0.072 |
1,900 | 0.040 | 0.000 | −0.442 |  |  | 0.060 | −0.101 |
1,950 |  | 0.000 | −0.553 |  |  | 0.063 |  |
2,000 |  | 0.000 | −0.671 |  |  | 0.065 |  |
2,050 |  | 0.000 | −0.795 |  |  | 0.068 |  |
2,100 |  | 0.000 | −0.925 |  |  | 0.070 |  |
2,150 |  | 0.000 | −1.062 |  |  |  |  |
2,200 |  | 0.000 | −1.204 |  |  |  |  |
2,250 |  | 0.000 | −1.353 |  |  |  |  |
2,300 |  | 0.000 | −1.508 |  |  |  |  |
2,350 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
2,400 | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Appendix 4: Predicted Noncognitive Student Outcomes (Standardized) Per School Size in Primary Education
| Â | Bonnet et al. (2000) | Holas and Huston (2012) | Koth et al. (2008) | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (students) | 2,003 | 855 | 2,468 | 5,326 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 | Â | 0.073 | Â | Â |
150 | Â | 0.065 | Â | Â |
200 | 0.088 | 0.057 | 0.106 | 0.093 |
250 | 0.124 | 0.048 | 0.088 | 0.078 |
300 | 0.131 | 0.040 | 0.069 | 0.062 |
350 | 0.108 | 0.032 | 0.051 | 0.047 |
400 | 0.056 | 0.023 | 0.033 | 0.031 |
450 | −0.025 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
500 | −0.136 | 0.007 | −0.004 | −0.002 |
550 | −0.275 | −0.002 | −0.023 | −0.019 |
600 | −0.444 | −0.010 | −0.041 | −0.036 |
650 |  | −0.018 | −0.059 |  |
700 |  | −0.027 | −0.078 |  |
750 |  | −0.035 | −0.096 |  |
800 |  | −0.043 | −0.115 |  |
850 |  | −0.052 | −0.133 |  |
900 |  | −0.060 |  |  |
950 |  | −0.068 |  |  |
1,000 |  | −0.077 |  |  |
1,050 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1,100 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1,150 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1,200 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1,250 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Appendix 5: Predicted Noncognitive School Mean Outcomes (Standardized) Per School Size in Primary Education
|  | Bonnet et al. (2009) | Durán-Narucki (2008) | Koth et al. (2008) | Lee and Loeb (2000) | Weighted average |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (schools) | 23 | 95 | 37 | 264 | 419 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 |  | −0.270 |  |  |  |
150 |  | −0.248 |  |  |  |
200 | 0.280 | −0.226 | −0.475 | −0.540 | −0.346 |
250 | −0.396 | −0.204 | −0.392 | −0.464 | −0.302 |
300 | −0.418 | −0.182 | −0.310 | −0.392 | 0.256 |
350 | −0.346 | −0.160 | 0.228 | −0.325 | 0.208 |
400 | 0.180 | −0.138 | 0.146 | 0.263 | 0.157 |
450 | −0.079 | −0.116 | 0.063 | 0.205 | 0.104 |
500 | −0.433 | −0.094 | −0.019 | 0.151 | 0.049 |
550 | −0.879 | −0.071 | −0.101 | 0.102 | −0.009 |
600 | −1.420 | −0.049 | −0.184 | 0.058 | −0.069 |
650 |  | −0.027 | −0.266 | 0.018 |  |
700 |  | −0.005 | −0.348 | −0.017 |  |
750 |  | 0.017 | −0.431 | −0.048 |  |
800 |  | 0.039 | −0.513 | −0.074 |  |
850 |  | 0.061 | −0.595 | −0.095 |  |
900 |  | 0.083 |  | −0.113 |  |
950 |  | 0.105 |  | −0.125 |  |
1,000 |  | 0.127 |  | −0.133 |  |
1,050 | Â | 0.149 | Â | Â | Â |
1,100 | Â | 0.171 | Â | Â | Â |
1,150 | Â | 0.194 | Â | Â | Â |
1,200 | Â | 0.216 | Â | Â | Â |
1,250 | Â | 0.238 | Â | Â | Â |
1,300 | Â | 0.260 | Â | Â | Â |
1,350 | Â | 0.282 | Â | Â | Â |
1,400 |  | −0.304 |  |  |  |
Appendix 6a: Predicted Noncognitive Student Outcomes Per School Size in Secondary Education; American Studies
| Â | Bowen et al. (2000) | Chen and Vazsonyi (2013) | Dee et al. (2007) | Gottfredson and DiPietro (2011) | Kirkpatrick Johnson et al. (2001); middle schools | Kirkpatrick Johnson et al. (2001); high schools |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (students) | 945 | 9,163 | 8,197 | 13,597 | 2,482 | 8,104 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 |  |  |  | −0.121 |  | 0.051 |
150 |  |  |  | −0.097 | 0.000 | 0.049 |
200 |  | 0.122 | 0.082 | −0.081 | 0.000 | 0.046 |
250 |  | 0.107 | 0.077 | −0.067 | 0.000 | 0.044 |
300 | 0.219 | 0.093 | 0.072 | −0.057 | 0.000 | 0.041 |
350 | 0.198 | 0.080 | 0.067 | −0.048 | 0.000 | 0.039 |
400 | 0.176 | 0.067 | 0.062 | −0.04 | 0.000 | 0.037 |
450 | 0.153 | 0.055 | 0.057 | −0.033 | 0.000 | 0.034 |
500 | 0.128 | 0.044 | 0.052 | −0.027 | 0.000 | 0.032 |
550 | 0.102 | 0.033 | 0.048 | −0.021 | 0.000 | 0.029 |
600 | 0.075 | 0.022 | 0.043 | −0.016 | 0.000 | 0.027 |
650 | 0.046 | 0.013 | 0.039 | −0.012 | 0.000 | 0.024 |
700 | 0.016 | 0.004 | 0.035 | −0.007 | 0.000 | 0.022 |
750 | −0.015 | −0.004 | 0.031 | −0.003 | 0.000 | 0.019 |
800 | −0.048 | −0.012 | 0.027 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.017 |
850 | −0.081 | −0.019 | 0.023 | 0.004 |  | 0.015 |
900 | −0.117 | −0.025 | 0.019 | 0.007 |  | 0.012 |
950 | −0.153 | −0.031 | 0.016 | 0.011 |  | 0.010 |
1,000 | −0.191 | −0.036 | 0.013 | 0.014 |  | 0.007 |
1,050 | −0.230 | −0.041 | 0.009 | 0.017 |  | 0.005 |
1,100 | −0.271 | −0.044 | 0.006 | 0.019 |  | 0.002 |
1,150 | −0.313 | −0.047 | 0.003 | 0.022 |  | 0.000 |
1,200 | −0.356 | −0.050 | 0.001 | 0.024 |  | −0.003 |
1,250 |  |  | −0.002 | 0.027 |  | −0.005 |
1,300 |  |  | −0.005 | 0.029 |  | −0.007 |
1,350 |  |  | −0.007 | 0.031 |  | −0.010 |
1,400 |  |  | −0.009 | 0.033 |  | −0.012 |
1,450 |  |  | −0.011 | 0.035 |  | −0.015 |
1,500 |  |  | −0.013 | 0.037 |  | −0.017 |
1,550 |  |  | −0.015 | 0.039 |  | −0.020 |
1,600 |  |  | −0.017 | 0.041 |  | −0.022 |
1,650 |  |  | −0.019 | 0.043 |  | −0.025 |
1,700 |  |  | −0.020 | 0.045 |  | −0.027 |
1,750 |  |  | −0.021 | 0.046 |  | −0.029 |
1,800 |  |  | −0.022 |  |  | −0.032 |
1,850 |  |  | −0.024 |  |  | −0.034 |
1,900 |  |  | −0.024 |  |  | −0.037 |
1,950 |  |  | −0.025 |  |  | −0.039 |
2,000 |  |  | −0.026 |  |  | −0.042 |
2,050 |  |  | −0.026 |  |  | −0.044 |
2,100 |  |  | −0.027 |  |  | −0.047 |
2,150 |  |  | −0.027 |  |  | −0.049 |
2,200 |  |  | −0.027 |  |  | −0.051 |
2,250 |  |  | −0.027 |  |  | −0.054 |
2,300 |  |  | −0.027 |  |  | −0.056 |
2,350 |  |  | −0.026 |  |  | −0.059 |
2,400 |  |  | −0.026 |  |  | −0.061 |
Appendix 6b: Predicted Noncognitive Student Outcomes Per School Size in Secondary Education; Studies Outside the U.S
| Â | Attar-Schwarz (2009) | Khoury-Kassabri et al. (2004) | Mooij et al. (2011) | Van der Vegt et al. (2005) | Vieno et al. (2005) | Wei et al. (2010) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (students) | 16,604 | 1 − 0.400 | 26,162 | 5,206 | 4,733 | 1,172 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 | −0.057 | 0.019 | −0.057 | 0.047 | −0.593 | −0.164 |
150 | −0.051 | 0.017 | −0.054 | 0.043 | −0.515 | −0.158 |
200 | −0.045 | 0.015 | −0.050 | 0.040 | −0.437 | −0.153 |
250 | −0.040 | 0.012 | −0.047 | 0.036 | −0.359 | −0.147 |
300 | −0.034 | 0.010 | −0.043 | 0.033 | −0.281 | −0.142 |
350 | −0.029 | 0.007 | −0.040 | 0.030 | −0.203 | −0.136 |
400 | −0.023 | 0.005 | −0.036 | 0.026 | −0.125 | −0.130 |
450 | −0.018 | 0.003 | −0.033 | 0.023 | −0.047 | −0.125 |
500 | −0.012 | 0.000 | −0.029 | 0.019 | 0.031 | −0.119 |
550 | −0.006 | −0.002 | −0.026 | 0.016 | 0.109 | −0.114 |
600 | −0.001 | −0.005 | −0.023 | 0.013 | 0.187 | −0.108 |
650 | 0.005 | −0.007 | −0.019 | 0.009 | 0.265 | −0.103 |
700 | 0.010 | −0.009 | −0.016 | 0.006 | −0.343 | −0.097 |
750 | 0.016 | −0.012 | −0.012 | 0.002 | −0.421 | −0.091 |
800 | 0.021 | −0.014 | −0.009 | −0.001 | −0.500 | −0.086 |
850 | 0.027 | −0.016 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.578 | −0.08 |
900 | 0.033 | −0.019 | −0.002 | −0.008 | 0.656 | −0.075 |
950 | 0.038 | −0.021 | 0.002 | −0.011 | 0.734 | −0.069 |
1,000 | 0.044 | −0.024 | 0.005 | −0.015 | 0.812 | −0.063 |
1,050 | 0.049 | −0.026 | 0.009 | −0.018 | 0.890 | −0.058 |
1,100 | 0.055 | −0.028 | 0.012 | −0.021 | 0.968 | −0.052 |
1,150 | 0.060 |  | 0.016 | −0.025 |  | −0.047 |
1,200 | 0.066 |  | 0.019 | −0.028 |  | −0.041 |
1,250 | 0.072 |  | 0.022 | −0.032 |  | −0.035 |
1,300 |  |  | 0.026 | −0.035 |  | −0.030 |
1,350 |  |  | 0.029 | −0.038 |  | −0.024 |
1,400 |  |  | 0.033 | −0.042 |  | −0.019 |
1,450 |  |  | 0.036 | −0.045 |  | −0.013 |
1,500 |  |  | 0.040 | −0.049 |  | −0.008 |
1,550 |  |  | 0.043 | −0.052 |  | −0.002 |
1,600 |  |  | 0.047 | −0.055 |  | 0.004 |
1,650 |  |  | 0.050 | −0.059 |  | 0.009 |
1,700 |  |  | 0.053 | −0.062 |  | 0.015 |
1,750 |  |  | 0.057 | −0.066 |  | 0.020 |
1,800 |  |  | 0.060 | −0.069 |  | 0.026 |
1,850 |  |  | 0.064 | −0.072 |  | 0.032 |
1,900 |  |  | 0.067 | −0.076 |  | 0.037 |
1,950 |  |  | 0.071 | −0.079 |  | 0.043 |
2,000 |  |  | 0.074 | −0.083 |  | 0.048 |
2,050 |  |  |  | −0.086 |  | 0.054 |
2,100 |  |  |  | −0.089 |  | 0.06 |
2,150 |  |  |  | −0.093 |  | 0.065 |
2,200 |  |  |  | −0.096 |  | 0.071 |
2,250 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.076 |
2,300 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.082 |
2,350 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.087 |
2,400 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.093 |
Appendix 6c: Average Outcomes Noncognitive Student Scores Per School Size in Secondary Education
| Â | Weighted average (all) | Weighted average (U.S.) | Weighted average (non-U.S.) | Weighted average (non-U.S., excluding Vieno et al.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (students) | 106,765 | 42,488 | 64,277 | 59,544 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â |
300 | −0.0160 | 0.0284 | −0.0454 | −0.0294 |
350 | −0.0120 | 0.0266 | −0.0376 | −0.0257 |
400 | −0.0079 | 0.0246 | −0.0294 | −0.0217 |
450 | −0.0041 | 0.0222 | −0.0214 | −0.0179 |
500 | −0.0002 | 0.0198 | −0.0134 | −0.0140 |
550 | 0.0038 | 0.0173 | −0.0052 | −0.0099 |
600 | 0.0075 | 0.0149 | 0.0026 | −0.0062 |
650 | 0.0113 | 0.0120 | 0.0107 | −0.0022 |
700 | 0.0152 | 0.0099 | 0.0188 | 0.0016 |
750 | 0.0190 | 0.0073 | 0.0267 | 0.0055 |
800 | 0.0230 | 0.0051 | 0.0348 | 0.0093 |
850 | 0.0270 | 0.0027 | 0.0430 | 0.0135 |
900 | 0.0308 | 0.0002 | 0.0510 | 0.0173 |
950 | 0.0349 | −0.0016 | 0.0590 | 0.0212 |
1,000 | 0.0388 | −0.0038 | 0.0670 | 0.0250 |
1,050 | 0.0429 | −0.0057 | 0.0750 | 0.0288 |
1,100 | 0.0469 | −0.0079 | 0.0832 | 0.0329 |
Appendix 7a: Predicted Noncognitive School Means Cores Per School Size in Secondary Education; American Studies
| Â | Chen (2008) | Chen and Vazsonyi (2013) | Chen (2008) | Gottfredson and DiPietro (2011) | Haller (1992) | Kirkpatrick Johnson et al. (2001); middle schools | Kirkpatrick Johnson et al. (2001); high schools | Klein and Cornell (2010) | McNeely et al. (2002) | Payne (2012) | Rumberger and Palardy (2005) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (schools) | 712 | 85 | 212 | 253 | 558 | 45 | 64 | 290 | 127 | 253 | 912 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 |  |  | 0.157 | −0.702 | 0.175 |  | 0.295 | 0.016 | 0.662 | 0.233 |  |
150 |  |  | 0.148 | −0.565 | 0.164 | 0.000 | 0.281 | 0.015 | −0.518 | 0.188 |  |
200 | 0.740 | 0.655 | 0.139 | −0.467 | 0.154 | 0.000 | 0.267 | 0.015 | −0.415 | 0.152 | −0.332 |
250 | 0.665 | −0.577 | 0.129 | −0.391 | 0.144 | 0.000 | 0.253 | 0.014 | −0.336 | 0.124 | −0.302 |
300 | −0.593 | −0.501 | 0.120 | −0.329 | 0.134 | 0.000 | 0.239 | 0.013 | 0.271 | 0.100 | 0.274 |
350 | −0.524 | −0.430 | 0.111 | −0.277 | 0.124 | 0.000 | 0.225 | 0.012 | 0.216 | 0.079 | 0.246 |
400 | −0.458 | −0.362 | 0.102 | −0.232 | 0.114 | 0.000 | 0.211 | 0.012 | 0.168 | 0.060 | 0.219 |
450 | −0.394 | 0.297 | 0.093 | −0.192 | 0.104 | 0.000 | 0.197 | 0.011 | 0.127 | 0.043 | 0.193 |
500 | −0.334 | 0.235 | 0.084 | −0.156 | 0.094 | 0.000 | 0.183 | 0.010 | 0.089 | 0.028 | 0.168 |
550 | 0.276 | 0.177 | 0.075 | −0.124 | 0.084 | 0.000 | 0.168 | 0.010 | 0.055 | 0.015 | 0.144 |
600 | 0.221 | 0.123 | 0.066 | −0.094 | 0.073 | 0.000 | 0.154 | 0.009 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.121 |
650 | 0.169 | 0.072 | 0.056 | −0.067 | 0.063 | 0.000 | 0.140 | 0.008 | −0.004 | −0.009 | 0.098 |
700 | 0.120 | 0.024 | 0.047 | −0.042 | 0.053 | 0.000 | 0.126 | 0.007 | −0.031 | −0.020 | 0.077 |
750 | 0.074 | −0.020 | 0.038 | −0.018 | 0.043 | 0.000 | 0.112 | 0.007 | −0.055 | −0.030 | 0.057 |
800 | 0.030 | −0.061 | 0.029 | 0.003 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.098 | 0.006 | −0.078 | −0.040 | 0.037 |
850 | −0.011 | −0.099 | 0.020 | 0.024 | 0.023 |  | 0.084 | 0.005 | −0.100 | −0.049 | 0.019 |
900 | −0.048 | −0.133 | 0.011 | 0.043 | 0.013 |  | 0.070 | 0.004 | −0.120 | −0.057 | 0.001 |
950 | −0.083 | −0.163 | 0.002 | 0.062 | 0.003 |  | 0.056 | 0.004 | −0.139 | −0.066 | −0.015 |
1,000 | −0.116 | −0.190 | −0.007 | 0.079 | −0.008 |  | 0.041 | 0.003 | −0.158 | −0.073 | −0.031 |
1,050 | −0.145 | −0.214 | −0.016 | 0.096 | −0.018 |  | 0.027 | 0.002 | −0.175 | −0.081 | −0.046 |
1,100 | −0.171 | −0.235 | −0.026 | 0.111 | −0.028 |  | 0.013 | 0.002 | −0.192 | −0.088 | −0.059 |
1,150 | −0.195 | −0.251 | −0.035 | 0.127 | −0.038 |  | −0.001 | 0.001 | −0.208 | −0.094 | −0.072 |
1,200 | −0.216 | −0.265 | −0.044 | 0.141 | −0.048 |  | −0.015 | 0.000 | −0.223 | −0.101 | −0.084 |
1,250 | −0.234 |  | −0.053 | 0.155 | −0.058 |  | −0.029 | −0.001 | −0.237 | −0.107 | −0.095 |
1,300 |  |  | −0.062 | 0.168 | −0.068 |  | −0.043 | −0.001 | −0.251 | −0.113 | −0.105 |
1,350 |  |  | −0.071 | 0.181 | −0.078 |  | −0.057 | −0.002 | −0.265 | −0.118 | −0.115 |
1,400 |  |  | −0.080 | 0.193 | −0.089 |  | −0.071 | −0.003 | −0.278 | −0.124 | −0.123 |
1,450 |  |  | −0.089 | 0.205 | −0.099 |  | −0.086 | −0.003 | −0.290 | −0.129 | −0.130 |
1,500 |  |  | −0.099 | 0.217 | −0.109 |  | −0.100 | −0.004 | −0.302 | −0.134 | −0.136 |
1,550 |  |  | −0.108 | 0.228 | −0.119 |  | −0.114 | −0.005 | −0.314 | −0.139 | −0.142 |
1,600 |  |  | −0.117 | 0.239 | −0.129 |  | −0.128 | −0.006 | −0.325 | −0.144 | −0.146 |
1,650 |  |  | −0.126 | 0.249 | −0.139 |  | −0.142 | −0.006 | −0.336 | −0.149 | −0.150 |
1,700 |  |  | −0.135 | 0.259 | −0.149 |  | −0.156 | −0.007 | −0.347 | −0.154 | −0.152 |
1,750 |  |  | −0.144 | 0.269 | −0.159 |  | −0.170 | −0.008 | −0.357 |  | −0.154 |
1,800 |  |  | −0.153 |  | −0.169 |  | −0.184 | −0.009 | −0.367 |  | −0.155 |
1,850 |  |  | −0.162 |  | −0.180 |  | −0.198 | −0.009 | −0.377 |  | −0.155 |
1,900 |  |  | −0.172 |  | −0.190 |  | −0.213 | −0.010 | −0.386 |  | −0.153 |
1,950 |  |  | −0.181 |  | −0.200 |  | −0.227 | −0.011 | −0.396 |  | −0.151 |
2,000 |  |  |  |  | −0.210 |  | −0.241 | −0.011 | −0.405 |  | −0.148 |
2,050 |  |  |  |  | −0.220 |  | −0.255 | −0.012 | −0.413 |  | −0.144 |
2,100 |  |  |  |  | −0.230 |  | −0.269 | −0.013 | −0.422 |  | −0.140 |
2,150 |  |  |  |  | −0.240 |  | −0.283 | −0.014 | −0.430 |  | −0.134 |
2,200 |  |  |  |  | −0.250 |  | −0.297 | −0.014 | −0.438 |  | −0.127 |
2,250 |  |  |  |  | −0.261 |  | −0.311 | −0.015 |  |  |  |
2,300 |  |  |  |  | −0.271 |  | −0.325 | −0.016 |  |  |  |
2,350 |  |  |  |  | −0.281 |  | −0.340 | −0.017 |  |  |  |
2,400 |  |  |  |  | −0.291 |  | −0.354 | −0.017 |  |  |  |
Appendix 7b: Predicted Noncognitive School Mean Scores Per School Size in Secondary Education; Studies Outside the U.S
| Â | Attar-Schwarz (2009) | Khoury-Kassabri et al. (2004) | Mooij et al. (2011) | Silins and Mulford (2004) | Vieno et al. (2005) | Wei et al. (2010) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (schools) | 327 | 162 | 104 | 96 | 134 | 12 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
100 | −0.220 | 0.060 | −0.272 | −0.437 | −2.967 | −0.423 |
150 | −0.198 | 0.053 | −0.255 | −0.396 | −2.577 | −0.408 |
200 | −0.177 | 0.045 | −0.239 | −0.355 | −2.187 | −0.394 |
250 | −0.155 | 0.038 | −0.222 | −0.314 | −1.796 | −0.379 |
300 | −0.133 | 0.031 | −0.206 | 0.272 | −1.406 | −0.365 |
350 | −0.112 | 0.023 | −0.189 | 0.231 | −1.016 | −0.351 |
400 | −0.090 | 0.016 | −0.173 | 0.190 | −0.625 | −0.336 |
450 | −0.068 | 0.008 | −0.156 | 0.149 | −0.235 | −0.322 |
500 | −0.047 | 0.001 | −0.140 | 0.108 | 0.155 | −0.307 |
550 | −0.025 | −0.007 | −0.124 | 0.067 | −0.546 | −0.293 |
600 | −0.003 | −0.014 | −0.107 | 0.026 | 0.936 | −0.279 |
650 | 0.018 | −0.021 | −0.091 | −0.015 | 1.327 | −0.264 |
700 | 0.040 | −0.029 | −0.074 | −0.056 | 1.717 | −0.250 |
750 | 0.062 | −0.036 | −0.058 | −0.097 | 2.107 | −0.235 |
800 | 0.083 | −0.044 | −0.041 | −0.138 | 20498 | −0.221 |
850 | 0.105 | −0.051 | −0.025 | −0.179 | 2.888 | −0.207 |
900 | 0.127 | −0.059 | −0.009 | −0.220 | 3.278 | −0.192 |
950 | 0.148 | −0.066 | 0.008 | −0.261 | 3.669 | −0.178 |
1,000 | 0.170 | −0.073 | 0.024 | −0.302 | 4.059 | −0.163 |
1,050 | 0.192 | −0.081 | 0.041 | −0.343 | 4.449 | −0.149 |
1,100 | 0.213 | −0.088 | 0.057 | −0.384 | 4.84 | −0.135 |
1,150 | 0.235 |  | 0.074 | −0.425 |  | −0.120 |
1,200 | 0.257 |  | 0.090 | −0.466 |  | −0.106 |
1,250 | 0.278 |  | 0.107 |  |  | −0.091 |
1,300 |  |  | 0.123 |  |  | −0.077 |
1,350 |  |  | 0.139 |  |  | −0.063 |
1,400 |  |  | 0.156 |  |  | −0.048 |
1,450 |  |  | 0.172 |  |  | −0.034 |
1,500 |  |  | 0.189 |  |  | −0.019 |
1,550 |  |  | 0.205 |  |  | −0.005 |
1,600 | Â | Â | 0.222 | Â | Â | 0.009 |
1,650 | Â | Â | 0.238 | Â | Â | 0.024 |
1,700 | Â | Â | 0.254 | Â | Â | 0.038 |
1,750 | Â | Â | 0.271 | Â | Â | 0.053 |
1,800 | Â | Â | 0.287 | Â | Â | 0.067 |
1,850 |  |  | −0.304 |  |  | 0.081 |
1,900 |  |  | −0.320 |  |  | 0.096 |
1,950 |  |  | −0.337 |  |  | 0.110 |
2,000 |  |  | −0.353 |  |  | 0.125 |
2,050 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.139 |
2,100 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.153 |
2,150 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.168 |
2,200 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.182 |
2,250 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.197 |
2,300 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.211 |
2,350 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.225 |
2,400 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.240 |
Appendix 7c: Average Outcomes Noncognitive School Mean Scores Per School Size in Secondary Education
| Â | Weighted average (all) | Weighted average (U.S.) | Weighted average (non-U.S.) | Weighted average (non-U.S. excluding Vieno) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (schools) | 4346 | 3511 | 835 | 701 |
School size | Â | Â | Â | Â |
200 | 0.151 | 0.283 | −0.107 | −0.066 |
250 | 0.142 | 0.257 | −0.098 | −0.060 |
300 | 0.134 | 0.231 | −0.089 | −0.054 |
350 | 0.127 | 0.206 | −0.080 | −0.049 |
400 | 0.120 | 0.181 | −0.070 | −0.044 |
450 | 0.114 | 0.158 | −0.061 | −0.038 |
500 | 0.109 | 0.135 | −0.052 | −0.033 |
550 | 0.104 | 0.114 | −0.042 | −0.028 |
600 | 0.100 | 0.093 | −0.032 | −0.022 |
650 | 0.097 | 0.073 | −0.022 | −0.017 |
700 | 0.094 | 0.054 | −0.012 | −0.011 |
750 | 0.093 | 0.036 | −0.002 | −0.005 |
800 | 0.092 | 0.018 | 0.008 | 0.000 |
850 | 0.091 | 0.002 | 0.019 | 0.005 |
900 | 0.092 | −0.014 | 0.030 | 0.011 |
950 | 0.093 | −0.028 | 0.040 | 0.016 |
1,000 | 0.095 | −0.042 | 0.051 | 0.022 |
1,050 | 0.097 | −0.055 | 0.062 | 0.027 |
1,100 | 0.101 | −0.067 | 0.073 | 0.033 |
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Luyten, H. (2014). Quantitative Summary of Research Findings. In: School Size Effects Revisited. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06814-5_4
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