Abstract
In the early 1980s, intense controversy over the deployment of new American intermediate-range nuclear missiles brought insistent questioning in Western Europe of the existing NATO defense posture and its dependence on nuclear weapons, along with a steady stream of proposals calling for its radical reorganization.
Jonathan Dean—deceased
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Notes
- 1.
This text was first published as: “Alternative Defense: Answer to NATO’s Central Front Problems?”, in: International Affairs, 64,1 (Winter 1987/1988): 61–82. The permission to republish this text was granted on behalf of Blackwell Journals by Ms. Butler on 11 March 2014.
- 2.
Anders Boserup, ‘Non-nuclear defcnce’, in Mary Kaldor and Dan Smith, eds., Disarming Europe (London: Merlin Press, 1982). See also A. M. Saperstein, ‘Technology and organization in defense of Europe’, in Bulletin of Peace Proposals, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1985.
- 3.
Horst Afheldt, ‘Defensive Verteidigung als politisch-strategische Konzeption’, in Hartmut Bühl, ed., Strategie-Diskussion (Herford-Bonn: Mittler, 1987).
- 4.
Details on the views of Bebel and Jaures are found on pp. 1–20 of Adam Roberts, Nations in arms (2nd edn, New York: St Martin’s, 1986); early proposals for NATO reform are described on p. 271.
- 5.
The ‘Bonin Plan’ is briefly described in David Gates, ‘Area defence concepts: the West German debate’, in Survival, July-Aug. 1987. The article provides an excellent short survey of the alternative defence issue.
- 6.
A useful and comprehensive p. 120 bibliography listing publications using most of these terms is Non-offensive defense bibliography, compiled by Björn Moller. It can be obtained from Björn Moller at the Centre of Peace and Conflict Research, University of Copenhagen, Vandkunsten 5, 1467 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Editor: This institute does not exist any longer.
- 7.
Gene Sharp, Making Europe unconquerable (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1986); Theodore Ebert, ‘Soziale Verteidigung als Politisch-Operative Konzept’ in Bühl, ed., Strategie-Diskussion.
- 8.
Wilhelm Nolte, ‘Autonome Abwehr’, in Bühl, ed., Strategie-Diskussion.
- 9.
This point is made by Michael Clarke as a more general criticism of alternative defence in an excellent review of the subject: Michael Clarke, The alternative defence debate (Occasional Paper No. 5, Armament & Disarmament Unit, University of Sussex, Aug. 1985), p. 9.
- 10.
Smart’ munitions arc that category of weapon which home in on their targets independently of the aim of the person firing them.
- 11.
Anders Boserup, ‘Non-offensive defense in Europe’, in Derek Paul, ed., Defending Europe: options for security (Philadelphia, PA, London: Taylor & Francis, 1985).
- 12.
Horst Afheldt, Defensive Verteidigung (Reinbek, Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, 1983).
- 13.
Norbert Hannig, Verteidigen ohne zu bedrohen, AFES, Institut für Politikwissenschaft, Universität Stuttgart, Nov. 1986.
- 14.
Useful summaries of criticisms of alternative defence are contained in Gates, ‘Area defence concepts’; in Christian Krause, Strukturelle Nichtangriffs-Fähigkeit im Rahmen Europäischer Entspannungs-Politik (Bonn: Studiengruppe Sicherheit und Abrüstung, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiitung, 1987); and in Günther Schmid, ‘Die Bewertung alternativer Konzepte’, in Bühl, ed., Strategie-Diskussion.
- 15.
Studiengruppe Alternative Sicherheits-Politik, Strukturwandel der Verteidigung (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1984); Lutz Unterseher, Defending Europe: toward a stable deterrent (Bonn: Studiengruppe Alternative Sicherheits-Politik, 1986).
- 16.
Jochen Löser, 'Gedanken zur Weiterentwicklung von Strategie, Operation und Tacrik’, Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift, Vol. 152, No. 9, Sept. 1986; ‘The security policy options for non-communist Europe’, Armada, No. 46; Jochen Löser and Ulrike Schilling, Neutralität für Mitteleuropa: das ende der Blocke (Munich: Bertelsmann, 1984).
- 17.
Albrecht A. C. von Müller, The integrated forward defence (Starnberg, 1985);‘Confidence building hardware measures1, paper for the 34th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs, July 1984; ‘Structural stability at the Central Front’, Paper No. 13, Niels Bohr Centennial, University of Copenhagen, Sept. 1985.
- 18.
Andreas von Bülow, ‘Skizzen einer Bundeswehr—Struktur der 90er Jahre’ (paper, Bonn, Nov. 1984); ‘The SPD’s views of the defense of NATO’s Central Region’, paper prepared for presentation to the Institute for Defense Analysis, Washington, DC Mar. 1987; ‘Defensive entanglement: an alternative strategy for NATO’, in Andrew Pierre, ed.. The conventional defense of Europe (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1986).
- 19.
Steven L. Canby, ‘Territorial defense in Central Europe’, Armed Forces and Society, Fall 1980, Vol. No. 1; ‘Military reform and the art of war’. International Security Review, Fall 1982, Vol. 7, No. 3; S. Canby and Ingemar Dörfer, ‘More troops, fewer missiles’, Foreign Policy, No. 55, Winter 1983/4.
- 20.
David Greenwood, ‘Reshaping NATO’s defences’, Defence Ministers and Chiefs of Staff No. 5, 1984; ‘Towards more specilization in NATO’, NATO’s Sixteen Nations, July 1986, Vol. 31.
- 21.
Leonard Sullivan, Jr., ‘Allied burden-sharing: another view’, Atlantic Community Quarterly, Spring 1986.
- 22.
John Keegan, ‘Soviet blitzkrieg: who wins?’, Harpers, May 1982; Trevor N. Dupuy, ‘Strategy for victory or defeat?’, Air Force Magazine, April 1983, Vol. 66, No. 4. See also John C. F. Tillson, ‘The forward defense of Europe’, Military Review, May 1981.
- 23.
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Dean, J. (2014). Alternative Defense: Answer to NATO’s Central Front Problems? (1987/1988). In: Brauch, H., Grimwood, T. (eds) Jonathan Dean. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06662-2_5
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