Abstract
This chapter introduces active and semi-active control systems. We first describe the fundamental differences between active and passive systems. Then, the importance of feedback, computational requirements, and system modelling for active control are discussed. This material is followed by an introductory example involving dynamic feedback control. We also present several active and semi-active device technologies, as well as advanced mitigation schemes including smart materials and hybrid systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Abe, M., & Igusa, T. (1996). Semi-active dynamic vibration absorbers for controlling transient response. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 198(5), 547–569.
Adhikari, R., & Yamaguchi, H. (1997). Sliding mode control of buildings with ATMD. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 26(4), 409–422.
Agrawal, A., Fujino, Y., & Bhartia, B. (1993). Instability due to time delay and its compensation in active control of structures. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 22(3), 211–224.
Ahlawat, A., & Ramaswamy, A. (2004). Multiobjective optimal fuzzy logic controller driven active and hybrid control systems for seismically excited nonlinear buildings. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 130, 416.
Amaratunga, K., & Williams, J. (1995). Time integration using wavelets. In SPIE’s 1995 Symposium on OE/Aerospace Sensing and Dual Use Photonics, pp. 894–902. International Society for Optics and Photonics.
Ankireddi, S., & Yang, H. (1996). Simple ATMD control methodology for tall buildings subject to wind loads. Journal of Structural Engineering, 122, 83.
Asher, J. W., & Van Volkinburg, D. R. (1989). Seismic isolation of the usc university hospital. In Seismic Engineering@ sResearch and Practice, pp. 605–614. ASCE.
Avraam, M. T. (2009). MR-fluid brake design and its application to a portable muscular rehabilitation device. PhD thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelle, Bruxelle.
Bachmann, H., & Ammann, W. (1987). Vibrations in structures: induced by man and machines (Vol. 3). IABSE Publisher.
Bélanger, P. (1995). Control engineering: a modern approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Billings, I., & Kirkcaldie, D. (1985). Base isolation of bridges in new zealand. In Proceedings US-NZ Workshop on Seismic Resistance of Highway Bridges, Report, no. 12-1.
Cai, C., Wu, W., & Araujo, M. (2007). Cable vibration control with a TMD-MR damper system: Experimental exploration. Journal of Structural Engineering, 133, 629.
Cao, H., & Li, Q. (2004). New control strategies for active tuned mass damper systems. Computers & Structures, 82(27), 2341–2350.
Chae, Y., Sause, R., & Ricles, J. (2011). Performance-based seismic design and assessment of structures with magneto-rheological dampers. Tech. Rep. 11-01, ATLSS, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA
Chaniotakis, E. (1999). Plasma science and fusion labratory. Private Communication.
Chen, C., & Chen, G. (2004). Shake table tests of a quarter-scale three-storey building model with piezoelectric friction dampers. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 11(4), 239–257.
Clough, R. W., & Penzien, J. (1993). Dynamics of structures, vol. 634. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Connor, J. J. (2002). Introduction to structural motion control. New York: Prentice Hall.
Connor, J. J., & Faraji, S. (2012). Fundamentals of structural engineering. New York: Springer.
Corporation, K. (1993). Duox—active-passive composite tuned mass damper. Technical Pamphlet 93-82E, Tokyo, Japan.
Crawley, E., & De Luis, J. (1987). Use of piezoelectric actuators as elements of intelligent structures. AIAA Journal, 25, 10.
Deierlein, G., Krawinkler, H., Ma, X., Eatherton, M., Hajjar, J., Takeuchi, T., Kasai, K., & Midorikawa, M. (2011). Earthquake resilient steel braced frames with controlled rocking and energy dissipating fuses. Steel Construction, 4(3), 171–175.
Den Hartog, J. (1940). Mechanical vibrations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Doyle, J., Francis, B., & Tannenbaum, A. (1992). Feedback control theory, vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
Durmaz, O., Clark, W., Bennett, D., Paine, J., & Samuelson, M. (2002). Experimental and analytical studies of a novel semi-active piezoelectric coulomb damper. Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 4697, p. 258.
(EPS), E. P. S. (2013). http://www.earthquakeprotection.com/building_mills_peninsula_hospital.html#.
Fajfar, P., & Krawinkler, H. (1997). Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation of Codes: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Seismic Design Methologies for the Next Generation of Codes, Bled, Slovenia, 24–27 Jun 1997. AA Balkema.
Feng, Q., & Shinozuka, M. (1990). Use of a variable damper for hybrid control of bridge response under earthquake. In Proa, US Nat. Workshop on Struct. Control Res.,, USC Pubi. No. CE-9013.
Frahm, H. (1911). Vibrations of bodies, Apr. 18 1911. US Patent 989,958.
Frémond, M. (2012). Shape memory alloys. Phase Change in Mechanics, 67–100.
Fujitani, H., Sodeyama, H., Tomura, T., Hiwatashi, T., Shiozaki, Y., Hata, K., Sunakoda, K., Morishita, S., & Soda, S. (2003). Development of 400kN magnetorheological damper for a real base-isolated building. In Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5052, p. 265.
Gallegos, C. M. (1998). Motion based design: solution algorithms to the inverse problem with applications to seismic design. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Gao, H., Kwok, K., & Samali, B. (1997). Optimization of tuned liquid column dampers. Engineering structures, 19(6), 476–486.
Gaul, L., Albrecht, H., & Wirnitzer, J. (2001). Damping of structural vibrations using adaptive joint connections and neural control. CISM Courses and Lectures: Smart Structures, 429, 86–97.
Ghisbain, P. (2013). Seismic performance assessment for structural optimization. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Ha, Q., Kwok, N., Nguyen, M., Li, J., & Samali, B. (2008). Mitigation of seismic responses on building structures using MR dampers with Lyapunov-based control. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 15(4), 604–621.
Hancock tower now to get dampers. In Eng. news record, 11 (1975)
Haskett, T., Breukelman, B., Robinson, J., & Kottelenberg, J. (2004). Tuned mass dampers under excessive structural excitation. Report of the Motioneering Inc. http://www.waterfordmgmt.com/school/Articles/tmd%20article.pdf.
Hidaka, S., Ahn, Y., & Morishita, S. (1999). Adaptive vibration control by a variable-damping dynamic absorber using ER fluid. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 121, 373.
Hrovat, D., Barak, P., & Rabins, M. (1983). Semi-active versus passive or active tuned mass dampers for structural control. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 109, 691.
Idelchik, I. E., & Fried, E. (1986). Handbook of hydraulic resistance, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Ikeda, T. (1996). Fundamentals of piezoelectricity., Oxford University Press
Ikeda, Y., Sasaki, K., Sakamoto, M., & Kobori, T. (2001). Active mass driver system as the first application of active structural control. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 30(11), 1575–1595.
Irwin, P., Kilpatrick, J., Robinson, J., & Frisque, A. (2008). Wind and tall buildings: negatives and positives. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 17(5), 915–928.
Jackson, C., Wagner, H., & Wasilewski, R. (1972). 55-nitinol-the alloy with a memory: It’s physical metallurgy properties, and applications. nasa sp-5110. NASA Special Publication, 5110.
Jung, H., & Spencer Jr, B. (2003). Control of seismically excited cable-stayed bridge employing magnetorheological fluid dampers. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129, 873.
Kannan, S., Uras, H., & Aktan, H. (1995). Active control of building seismic response by energy dissipation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 24(5), 747–759.
Karavasilis, T., Sause, R., & Ricles, J. (2011). Seismic design and evaluation of steel moment-resisting frames with compressed elastomer dampers. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 41(3), 411–429.
Kaynia, A., Biggs, J., & Veneziano, D. (1981). Seismic effectiveness of tuned mass dampers. Journal of the Structural Division, 107(8), 1465–1484.
Kelly, J. M., & Naeim, F. (1999). Design of seismic isolated structures. From theory to practice. Nueva York, John Wiley & Sons.
Kim, H., & Adeli, H. (2005). Wind-induced motion control of 76-story benchmark building using the hybrid damper-TLCD system. Journal of structural engineering, 131, 1794.
Kitamura, H., Fujita, T., Teramoto, T., & Kihara, H. (1988). Design and analysis of a tower structure with a tuned mass damper. In Proceedings 9th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, vol. 8, pp. 415–420.
Koo, J., Ahmadian, M., & Elahinia, M. (2005). Semi-active controller dynamics in a magneto-rheological tuned vibration absorber. In Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5760, p. 69.
Koo, J., Ahmadian, M., Setareh, M., & Murray, T. (2004) In search of suitable control methods for semi-active tuned vibration absorbers. Journal of Vibration and Control, 10(2), 163.
Kurata, N., Kobori, T., Takahashi, M., Niwa, N., & Kurino, H. (1994). Shaking table experiments of active variable damping system. In Proa, First World Conf. on Struct. Control, TP2, pp. 108–127.
Laflamme, S. (2011). Control of large-scale structures with large uncertainties. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Laflamme, S., Slotine, J. E., & Connor, J. (2012). Self-organizing input space for control of structures. Smart Materials and Structures, 21(11), 115015.
Laflamme, S., Taylor, D., Abdellaoui-Maane, M., & Connor, J. (2012). Modified friction device for control of large-scale systems. Structural Control & Health Monitoring, 19(4), 548–564.
Lead hula-hoops stabilize antenna. In Engineering News Record. July 22 1976, p. 10.
Lee, H., Yang, G., Jung, H., Spencer, B., & Lee, I. (2006). Semi-active neurocontrol of a base-isolated benchmark structure. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 13(2–3), 682–692.
Li, H., & Chang, Z. (2008). Semi-active control for eccentric structures with MR damper based on hybrid intelligent algorithm. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 17(1), 167–180.
Lin, C., Lu, L., Lin, G., & Yang, T. (2010). Vibration control of seismic structures using semi-active friction multiple tuned mass dampers. Engineering Structures, 32(10), 3404–3417.
Lin, P., & Loh, C. (2008). Semi-active control of floor isolation system using MR-damper. In Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 6932, p. 69320U.
Lindh, C., Laflamme, S., & Connor, J. (2010). Effects of damping device nonlinearity on the performance of semiactive tuned mass dampers. In 5th World Conference on Structural Control and Monitoring, vol. 274, pp. 1–13.
Lu, K.-C., Lo, C.-H., Yang, J., & Lin, P.-Y. (2008). Decentralized sliding model control of buildings using MR-dampers. In Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 6932, p. 69320V.
Lu, L., Lin, G., & Kuo, T. (2008). Stiffness controllable isolation system for near-fault seismic isolation. Engineering Structures, 30(3), 747–765.
Lund, R. (1979). Active damping of large structures in winds. In ASCE Convention (Boston, MA, 1979).
Mackriell, L., Kwok, K., & Samali, B. (1997). Critical mode control of a wind-loaded tall building using an active tuned mass damper. Engineering Structures, 19(10), 834–842.
Madhekar, S., & Jangid, R. (2009). Variable dampers for earthquake protection of benchmark highway bridges. Smart Materials and Structures, 18, 115011.
Mayes, R., Kelly, T., & Jones, L. (1990). Seismic isolation: An economic alternative for the seismic design and rehabilitation of buildings and bridges. Civil Engineering Practice, 5(1), 7–30.
Mayes, R., Sveinsson, B., & Buckle, I. (1987). Seismic isolation: An economic rehabilitation alternative. Construction Specifier, 76–92.
McNamara, R. (1977). Tuned mass dampers for buildings. Journal of the Structural Division, 103(9), 1785–1798.
Moore, J. (1995). Advances in actuators. Taylor & Francis.
Myers, D. (1989). Softening the jolt of the big one. Los Angeles Times, Real Estate Section.
Nagarajaiah, S., & Varadarajan, N. (2000). Novel semi-active variable stiffness tuned mass damper with real time tuning capability. In Proceeding of 13th Engineering Mechanics Conference.
Nagase, T., & Hisatoku, T. (1990). Tuned pendulum mass damper using ice thermal storage tank installed in crystal tower. Private Communication.
Narasimhan, S., & Nagarajaiah, S. (2005). A STFT semiactive controller for base isolated buildings with variable stiffness isolation systems. Engineering Structures, 27(4), 514–523.
Nitsche, R., & Gaul, L. (2005). Smart friction driven systems. Smart Materials and Structures, 14, 231–236.
Ogata, K. (1997), Modern control engineering (3rd ed.) Prentice-Hall.
Ohashi, M., Mochizuki, H., Yamaguchi, T., Hagiwara, Y., Kuwamura, H., Okamura, Y., Tomita, Y., Komatsu, N., & Funatsu, Y. (1990). Development of new steel plates for building structural use. Nippon steel technical report. Overseas, 44, 8–20.
Ormondroyd, J. (1928). Theory of the dynamic vibration absorber. Transaction of the ASME, 50, 9–22.
Otsuka, K., & Wayman, C. (1999) Shape memory materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Patten, W., & Sack, R. (1994). Semiactive control of civil engineering structures. In American Control Conference, 1994, vol. 1, pp. 1078–1082. IEEE.
Petersen, N. (1980). Design of large scale tuned mass dampers. Structural Control, 581–596.
Qu, W., Chen, Z., & Xu, Y. (2001). Dynamic analysis of wind-excited truss tower with friction dampers. Computers & Structures, 79(32), 2817–2831.
Randall, S., Halsted, D., & Taylor, D. (1978). Optimum vibration absorbers for linear damped systems. Transaction of the ASME, 130, 908–913.
Reaveley, L., Mayes, R., & Sveinsson, B. (1989). Seismic isolation of a computer/flight simulator research and development facility. In Proceedings of Seismic Engineering, ASCE Structures Congress.
Reiterer, M., & Ziegler, F. (2011). Bi-axial seismic activation of civil engineering structures equipped with tuned liquid column dampers. Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, 7, 1.
Sakamoto, M., Kobori, T., Yamada, T., & Takahashi, M. (1994). Practical applications of active and hybrid response control systems and their verification by earthquake and strong wind observations. In Proc, First World Conf. on Struct. Control, WP2, pp. 90–99.
Sarkisian, M., Lee, P., Long, E., Boswell, C. K., Lynn, A., Reitherman, R., & et al. (2011). The materials of the cathedral of christ the light. In AEI 2011: Building integration solutions. Proceedings of the 2011 Architectual Engineering National Conference, Oakland, California, USA, 30 March-2 April, 2011., pp. 327–334. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).
Shinozuka, M., Constantinou, M., & Ghanem, R. (1992). Passive and active fluid dampers in structural applications. In Proc, US/China/Japan Workshop on Struct. Control, pp. 507–516.
Shook, D., Lin, P., Lin, T., & Roschke, P. (2007). A comparative study in the semi-active control of isolated structures. Smart Materials and Structures, 16, 1433.
Slotine, J., & Coetsee, J. (1986). Adaptive sliding controller synthesis for non-linear systems. International Journal of Control, 43(6), 1631–1651.
Snowdon, J. C. (1979). Vibration isolation: use and characterization. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 66, 1245.
Spencer, B., Dyke, S., Sain, M., & Carlson, J. (1997). Phenomenological model for magnetorheological dampers. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 123(3), 230–238.
Spencer Jr, B., & Nagarajaiah, S. (2003). State of the art of structural control. Journal of Structural Engineering, 129, 845.
Spencer Jr, B., Yang, G., Carlson, J., & Sain, M. (1998). Smart dampers for seismic protection of structures: a full-scale study. In Proceedings of the Second World Conference on Structural Control (2WCSC), Kyoto, Japan, vol. 1, pp. 417–426.
Stanway, R., Sproston, J. L., & Stevens, N. G. (1987). Non-linear modeling of an electrorheological vibration damper. Journal of Electrostatics, 20, 167–184.
Strang, G. (2003). Introduction to linear algebra. Wellesley Cambridge Press.
Syngellakis, S. (2013). Retrofitting of heritage structures against earthquakes. WIT Press.
Taranath, B. (1988). Structural analysis and design of tall buildings, vol. 100. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Terasawa, T., Sakai, C., Ohmori, H., & Sano, A. (2004). Adaptive identification of MR damper for vibration control. In 43rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2004. CDC, pp. 2297–2303.
Tsai, H.-C., & Lin, G.-C. (1993). Optimum tuned-mass dampers for minimizing steady-state response of support-excited and damped systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 22(11), 957–973.
Tsai, K., Chen, H., Hong, C., & Su, Y. (1993). Design of steel triangular plate energy absorbers for earthquake resistant construction. Earthquake Spectra, 9(3), 517–550.
Tu, J., & Qu, W. (2008). An experimental study on semi-active seismic response control of a large-span building on top of ship lift towers. Journal of Vibration and Control, 14(7), 1055.
Tuned mass dampers steady sway of skyscrapers in wind. In Engineering News Record. August 18 1975, pp. 28–29.
Wada, A., Huang, Y.-H., & Iwata, M. (2000). Passive damping technology for buildings in japan. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 2(3), 335–350.
Walters, M., & Elsesser, E. (1988). Base isolation of the existing city and county building in salt lake city. In Proceedings of a Seminar on Base Isolation and Passive Energy Dissipation, Applied Technology Council, Report No. 17
Warburton, G. (1981). Optimum absorber parameters for minimizing vibration response. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 9(3), 251–262.
Warburton, G. (1982). Optimum absorber parameters for various combinations of response and excitation parameters. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 10(3), 381–401.
Warburton, G., & Ayorinde, E. (1980). Optimum absorber parameters for simple systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 8(3), 197–217.
Watanabe, A., Hitomi, Y., Saeki, E., Wada, A., & Fujimoto, M. (1988). Properties of brace encased in buckling-restraining concrete and steel tube. In Proceedings of Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 719–724.
Wayman, C., & Shimizu, K. (1972). The shape memory (marmem) effect in alloys. Metal Science, 6(1), 175–183.
Wikipedia. (2013). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:uscuh.jpg, October 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keck_School_of_Medicine_of_USC#mediaviewer/File:USCUH.jpg.
Wikipedia. (2013). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:lbva.jpg, 2013.
Wikipedia. (2013). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:salt_lake_city_county_bldg.jpg, 2013.
Wikipedia. (2013). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:san_francisco_city_hall_september_2013_panorama_3.jpg, 2013.
Wikipedia. (2013). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/one_wall_centre, 2013.
Wikipedia. (2013). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/torre_mayor, 2013.
Wongprasert, N., & Symans, M. (2005). Numerical evaluation of adaptive base-isolated structures subjected to earthquake ground motions. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 131, 109.
Wu, B., Wang, Q., Shi, P., Ou, J., & Guan, X. (2006). Real-time substructure test of JZ 20-2 NW offshore platform with semi-active MR dampers. In ICEE 2006: 4th Intenrational Conference on Earthquake Engineering, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering.
Wu, J., Chang, C., & Lin, Y. (2009). Optimal designs for non-uniform tuned liquid column dampers in horizontal motion. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 326(1), 104–122.
Wu, J.-C., Shih, M.-H., Lin, Y.-Y., & Shen, Y.-C. (2005). Design guidelines for tuned liquid column damper for structures responding to wind. Engineering Structures, 27(13), 1893–1905.
Wu, W., Cai, C., & Chen, S. (2004). Experiments on reduction of cable vibration using MR dampers. In Proceedings of 17th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference.
Xu, Y., & Ng, C. (2008). Seismic protection of a building complex using variable friction damper: experimental investigation. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 134, 637.
Yalla, S., & Kareem, A. (2000). Optimum absorber parameters for tuned liquid column dampers. Journal of Structural Engineering, 126(8), 906–915.
Yang, J., & Agrawal, A. (2002). Semi-active hybrid control systems for nonlinear buildings against near-field earthquakes. Engineering Structures, 24(3), 271–280.
Yang, J. N., & Agrawal, A. K. (2000). Semi-active hybrid control systems for nonlinear buildings against near-field earthquakes Engineering Structures, vol. 24 (pp. 271–280). Elsevier.
Zemp, R., de la Llera, J. C., & Almazán, J. L. (2011). Tall building vibration control using a tm-mr damper assembly. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 40(3), 339–354.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Connor, J., Laflamme, S. (2014). Applications of Active Control. In: Structural Motion Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06281-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06281-5_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-06280-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-06281-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)