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Impact of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides on Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Oral Tolerance Induction

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Pharma-Nutrition

Part of the book series: AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series ((AAPS,volume 12))

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Abstract

Human milk is very rich in nondigestible oligosaccharides, which support colonization of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli and immune maturation. Manufactured nondigestible oligosaccharides are added to infant formula in order to mimic functional aspects of human milk oligosaccharides. They support the growth of beneficial microbes and reduce gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. Furthermore they reduce the risk of developing allergic disease when provided early in life. Oral tolerance induction is key in the prevention of allergies. Environmental factors such as dietary constituents and the colonization with commensal microorganisms at the mucosal surface are crucial for the generation of mucosal tolerance. Evidence is building that nondigestible galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides can either directly or indirectly modulate the GALT and systemic immune system in health and disease. Besides increasing IL-10 and IgA in mice and human, they were found to induce functional regulatory T-cells in spleens of mice affected with cow’s milk allergy. In addition, they induce galectin-9 capable of IgE neutralization. The immunologic basis by which nondigestible oligosaccharides may affect the mucosal and systemic immune system is discussed in this book chapter.

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Abbreviations

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

ALDH:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

AOM:

Azoxymethane

CCR:

Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor

CD:

Crohn’s disease

conA:

Concanavalin A

DC:

Dendritic cell

DTH:

Delayed type hypersensitivity

Foxp3:

Forkhead box P3

GALT:

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

HMOs:

Human milk oligosaccharides

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

IEC:

Intestinal epithelial cells

IFN:

Interferon

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IgfLC:

Immunoglobulin free light chains

IL:

Interleukin

lcFOS:

Long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides

MDP:

Macrophage-DC precursors

MLN:

Mesenteric lymph nodes

NOD:

Nucleotide oligomerization domain

PRR:

Pattern recognition receptors

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)

pDC:

Plasmacytoid DC

PP:

Peyer’s patches

RA:

Retinoic acid

scGOS:

Short-chain galacto oligosaccharides

SCFA:

Short-chain fatty acids

sIgA:

Secretory immunoglobulin A

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

Th:

T helper cell

Tc:

Cytotoxic T-cell

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

Treg:

Regulatory T-cells

UC:

Ulcerative colitis

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  1. Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, 80082, 3508 TB, The Netherlands

    Linette E. M. Willemsen

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  1. Linette E. M. Willemsen
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Correspondence to Linette E. M. Willemsen .

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  1. Pharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

    Gert Folkerts

  2. Immunopharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

    Johan Garssen

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Willemsen, L.E.M. (2014). Impact of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides on Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Oral Tolerance Induction. In: Folkerts, G., Garssen, J. (eds) Pharma-Nutrition. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06151-1_8

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