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Visualization Technique for Quantitative Evaluation in Laser Welding Processes

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In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering II

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Abstract

To improve phenomenological understanding of laser welding processes and to control residual stress, we have to characterize the molten pool properties. We succeeded to observe a convection, molten pool shape, and bubbles in situ using an intense X-ray beam and tracer particles during laser spot welding. During the cooling phase, the molten metal was solidified and bubbles were confined in the weld metal. The numerical simulation code has been newly developed to evaluate the effect of molten pool convection to the temperature distribution including phase change, melting and solidification based on the in situ observation results. The numerical code can simulate the laser welding phenomena. We have found that the Marangoni effect on the molten pool surface gives considerable influence to temperature distribution not only on the surface but also in the molten pool. Both the experimental and numerical results provide us useful knowledge about laser welding phenomena for quantitative evaluation.

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Abbreviations

\( C_{v} \) :

Specific heat capacity at constant volume (J kg/K)

\( D_{ij} \) :

Velocity strain tensor (s−1)

\( F_{i} \) :

External force (Pa)

\( I_{ij} \) :

Identity matrix (-)

\( Q \) :

Heat source (W/m3)

\( Q_{S} \) :

Amount of latent heat release for solid (liquid) to liquid (solid) phase (J/kg)

\( R \) :

Reflection rate (-)

\( T \) :

Temperature (K)

\( g_{i} = (0,0, - g) \) :

Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)

\( n_{i} \) :

A normal unit vector at liquid surface (-)

\( p \) :

Pressure (Pa)

\( q_{m} \) :

Laser power density (W/m2)

\( r_{0} \) :

Radius of the laser irradiation (m)

\( t \) :

Time (s)

\( u_{i} = (u,v,w) \) :

Velocity vector (m/s)

\( x_{i} = (x,y,z) \) :

Located vector (m). The suffix indicates components

\( \alpha \) :

Absorptivity (m−1)

\( \kappa \) :

Curvature of liquid surface (-)

\( \lambda \) :

Thermal conductivity (W/m/K)

\( \mu \) :

Viscosity (Pa s)

\( \rho \) :

Density (kg/m3)

\( \sigma \) :

Surface tension coefficient (N/m)

\( Pe \) :

Peclet number (-)

\( Q_{conv.} \) :

Advective transport rate (W/m3)

\( Q_{diff.} \) :

Diffusive transport rate (W/m3)

\( U \) :

Characteristic velocity (m/s)

\( l \) :

Characteristic length (m)

\( Re \) :

Reynolds number (-)

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. K. Kajiwara of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute for his assistance. The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (proposal No. 2010B1833 and No. 2011B1975). A part of this research was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan (No. 23246127, No. 22860078 and No. 22860079).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 65-20 Kizaki Tsuruga, Fukui, 914-8585, Japan

    Tomonori Yamada, Susumu Yamashita, Akihiko Nishimura & Toshiharu Muramatsu

  2. Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan

    Yu-ichi Komizo

  3. Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyougo, 679-5148, Japan

    Takahisa Shobu

Authors
  1. Tomonori Yamada
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  2. Takahisa Shobu
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  3. Susumu Yamashita
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  4. Akihiko Nishimura
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  5. Toshiharu Muramatsu
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  6. Yu-ichi Komizo
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yu-ichi Komizo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Thomas Kannengiesser

  2. Ohio State University Dept. Materials Science & Engineering, Columbus, Ohio, USA

    Sudarsanam Suresh Babu

  3. Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan

    Yu-ichi Komizo

  4. Laboratório de Microscopia Eletronica, Brasileira de Tecnologia de Luz Sincrotron, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

    Antonio J. Ramirez

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Yamada, T., Shobu, T., Yamashita, S., Nishimura, A., Muramatsu, T., Komizo, Yi. (2014). Visualization Technique for Quantitative Evaluation in Laser Welding Processes. In: Kannengiesser, T., Babu, S., Komizo, Yi., Ramirez, A. (eds) In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering II. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06145-0_12

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