Abstract
Soil moisture and soil water storage play a significant role in lumped and distributed hydrological simulation, both for model initialization and in later time steps to control and to correct model performance. On the other side, rainfall-runoff models still need to be improved to simulate reasonably well the vertical exchanges of heat and water between the soil and the atmosphere, that may result in inconsistent soil moisture fields. Therefore, many issues remain to be adequately addressed, such as how to include new data sources as well as how to improve methods for calibration, validation, parameterization and upscaling of hydrological models. This work focuses on relatively new data sources, addressing the supply of soil moisture (Soil Moisture Experiment 2003 – SMEX03) and soil water storage information (GRACE – Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) to a typical lumped rainfall-runoff model (SMAP – Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure running at daily and monthly steps) from in situ measurements and remotely sensed imagery for the São Francisco and Amazon basins in Brazil. In particular, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate jointly both hydrological simulations and data collected and acquired for the studied areas highlighting soundly based and good results and also pointing out some of the challenges to be faced in the near future. We should mention that much more work on soil physics is still necessary for applications regarding rainfall-runoff models to work properly at the watershed scale.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Civil Engineering Program of Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pos-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) through the support of the Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Issues (LABH2O) with respect to data and infrastructure provided by these institutions for this research. The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the financial support for the work, which came through CAPES (Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Nível Superior) – CAPES/COFECUB No. 516/05 (2005–2012) and Project IME-PEC/COPPE – CAPES – Aux-PE-PRO-Defense 1783/2008 (2008–2012 ), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia) – Project MCT/FINEP/CT-HIDRO/EIBEX-1 (2005–2011), which addressed representative watersheds, Project PROSUL (Programa Sul-Americano de Apoio às Atividades de Cooperação em Ciência e Tecnologia) – Process 490684/2007-6 (2007–2012), which deals with remote sensing techniques applied to hydrological monitoring and climate change, and Project CNPq Edital Universal No. 14/2013 – Process 485136/2013-9, which is focused on rainfall-runoff modeling and on the corresponding issue of water balance and soil moisture with respect to extreme events, and Secretaria de Educação Superior (SESu) – Ministério da Educação (MEC) – CAPES – AUX-PE-PET-1228/2009 (PET CIVIL UFRJ), educational agencies of the Brazilian government. The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) – Project PEC/COPPE – FAPERJ 014/2010 (2010–2012), Project FAPERJ – Process E-26/103.116/2011 (2012–2014) and Project FAPERJ – Pensa Rio – Edital 19/2011 (2012–2014) – E26/110.753/2012. The authors would like also to recognize the support of CPRM, INPE, ANA, EMBRAPA, CEPEL, ONS and INMET, for the continuous support of the research in hydrology in Brazil. In addition, the authours would like to recognize the support of Laboratoire d’Études en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) (Université Paul Sabatier – UPS-Toulouse III, Centre Nationale d’Études Spatiales (CNES), ESA (European Space Agency), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), e ORE-HYBAM (Observatoire de Recherche en Environment – Contrôles géodynamique, hidrologique et biogéochimique de l’érosion/alteration et dês transferts de matière dans le bassin de l’Amazone). A special thank you goes to Dr. Edson Eijy Sano (EMBRAPA), to Dr. Eduardo Assad (EMBRAPA) and to Dr. Thomas J. Jackson (USDA), who stimulated the use of the soil moisture dataset collected during SMEX03 experiment.
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Rotunno Filho, O.C. et al. (2014). Soil Moisture and Soil Water Storage Using Hydrological Modeling and Remote Sensing. In: Teixeira, W., Ceddia, M., Ottoni, M., Donnagema, G. (eds) Application of Soil Physics in Environmental Analyses. Progress in Soil Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06013-2_14
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