Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Kinetic Analysis of Cryotropic Gelation of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Water Solutions by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Polymeric Cryogels

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 263))

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solutions subjected to cryogenic treatment form strong physical gels. The cryogenic treatment basically consists of freezing an initially homogeneous polymer solution at low temperatures, storing in the frozen state for a definite time, and defrosting. These gels are of great interest for biotechnology, medicine, the food industry, and many other applications. The outstanding properties of these systems depend on a complex macroporous architecture, whereby PVA chains and water molecules are organized over different hierarchical length scales. The structure and the principal processes subtending the formation of these systems are discussed in the framework of our current understanding of polymer gels. These processes involve formation of ice crystals, PVA crystallization, liquid–liquid phase separation, hydrogen bonding, and entanglements. Small angle neutron scattering is used to follow the cryotropic gelation of PVA/water solutions and detailed information is extracted concerning the gelation mechanism and kinetic parameters related to the formation of these complex systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

a-PS:

Atactic polystyrene

BP:

Berghmans point

CLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

C p :

Polymer concentration

\( \raisebox{1ex}{$ d\sigma $}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$ d\varOmega $}\right. \) :

Scattering cross-section

d s :

Surface fractal dimension

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

F :

Free energy

〈Φ〉:

Order parameter

f c(DSC):

Fractions of crystalline phase from DSC analysis

f c(NMR):

Fraction of rigid protons from NMR measurements

f c(XR):

Crystallinity index from WAXS analysis

LL:

Liquid–liquid phase separation

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

PEG:

Poly(ethylene glycol)

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

q :

Scattering vector

SANS:

Small angle neutron scattering

SEM:

Scanning electronic microscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

T g :

Glass transition temperature

T m :

Melting temperature

TR-SANS:

Time resolving-SANS

UCST:

Upper critical solution temperature

WAXS:

Wide angle X-ray scattering

References

  1. Hassan CM, Peppas NA (2000) Structure and applications of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels produced by conventional crosslinking or by freezing/thawing methods. Adv Polym Sci 153:37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Peppas NM (1975) Turbidimetric studies of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. Makromol Chem 176:3433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Stauffer S, Peppas NA (1992) Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels prepared by freezing-thawing cyclic processing. Polymer 33:3932

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lozinsky VI (1998) Cryotropic gelation of poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. Russ Chem Rev 67:573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lozinsky VI (2002) Cryogels on the basis of natural and synthetic polymers: preparation, properties and application. Russ Chem Rev 71:489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lozinsky VI, Galaev IY, Plieva FM, Savina IN, Jungvid H, Mattiasson B (2003) Polymeric cryogels as promising materials of biotechnological interest. Trends Biotechnol 21:445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lozinsky VI, Damshkaln LG (2000) Study of cryostructuration of polymer systems. XVII. Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels: dynamics of the cryotropic gel formation. J Appl Polym Sci 77:2017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Watase M, Nishinari K (1985) Reological and DSC changes in poly(vinyl alcohol) gels induced by immersion in water. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys Ed 23:1803

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nishinari K, Watase M, Tanaka F (1996) Structure of junction zones in poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by rheological and thermal studies. J Chim Phys Phys Chim Biol 93:880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang H, Xia H, Zhao Y (2012) Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel can autonomously self-heal. ACS Macro Lett 1:1233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Peppas NA, Mongia NK (1997) Ultrapure poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with mucoadhesive drug delivery characteristics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 43:51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Finch CA (1992) Polyvinyl alcohol – developments. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bolto B, Tran T, Hoang M, Xie Z (2009) Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes. Prog Polym Sci 34:969

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cohen Addad JP (1996) Physical properties of polymeric gels. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  15. Loh XJ, Scherman OA (2013) Polymeric and self-assembled hydrogels. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  16. Papon P, Leblond J, Meijer PHE (2002) The physics of phase transitions: concepts and applications. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  17. Keller A (1995) Aspects of polymer gels. Faraday Discuss 101:1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Shibayama M, Tanaka T (1993) Volume phase transition and related phenomena of polymer gels. Adv Polym Sci 109:1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rubinstein M, Colby RH (2003) Polymer physics. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tanaka T (1981) Gels Sci Am 244:124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tanaka T, Sun ST, Hirokawa Y, Katayama S, Kucera J, Hirose Y, Amiya T (1987) Mechanical instability of gels at the phase transition. Nature 325:796

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Durmaz-Hilmioglu N, Yildirim AE, Sakaoglu AS, Tulbentci S (2001) Acetic acid dehydration by pervaporation. Chem Eng Proc 40:263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Benzekri K, Essamri A, Toreis N, Souissi A, Maarouf T, Mas A (2001) Membranes d’alcool polyvinylique traitées par plasma d’acide acrylique. Application à la déshydratation des mélanges eau–éthanol par pervaporation. Eur Polym J 37:1607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. deGennes P-G (1979) Scaling concepts in polymer physics. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  25. Keller A, Cheng SZD (1998) The role of metastability in polymer phase transitions. Polymer 39:4461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Atkins EDT, Isaac DH, Keller A, Miyasaka K (1977) Analysis of anomalous X-ray diffraction effects of isotactic polystyrene gels and its implications for chain conformation and isomeric homogeneity. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 15:211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Atkins EDT, Isaac DH, Keller A (1980) Conformation of polystyrene with special emphasis to the near all-trans extended-chain model relevant in polystyrene gel. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 18:71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Atkins EDT, Keller A, Shapiro JS, Lemstra PJ (1981) Extended-chain structure for isotactic polystyrene: additional X-ray diffraction and calorimetric results. Polymer 22:1161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Girolamo M, Keller A, Miyasaka M, Overbergh N (1976) Gelation-crystallization in isotactic polystyrene solutions and its implications to crystal morphology, to the origin and structure of gels, and to the chemical homogeneity of polyolefins. J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 14:39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chatani Y, Nakamura N (1993) Coiled-coil molecular model for isotactic polystyrene gels. Polymer 34:1644

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Auriemma F, De Rosa C, Corradini P (2004) Non-helical chain conformations of isotactic polymers in the crystalline state. Macromol Chem Phys 205:390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Guenet J-M (1992) Thermoreversible gelation of polymers and biopolymers. Academic, London, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ostwald W (1897) Studies on the formation and inversion of solids. First paper: supersaturation and supercooling. Z Phys Chem 22:289

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hikmet RM, Callister S, Keller A (1988) Thermoreversible gelation of atactic polystyrene: phase transformation and morphology. Polymer 29:1378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wellinghoff ST, Shaw J, Baer E (1979) Polymeric materials from the gel state. The development of fringed micelle structure in a glass. Macromolecules 12:932

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Arnauts J, Berghmans H (1987) Amorphous thermoreversible gels of atactic polystyrene. Polym Commun 28:66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Strobl GR (2007) The physics of polymers. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  38. Berghmans S, Mewis J, Berghmans H, Meijer H (1995) Phase behavior and structure formation in solutions of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether). Polymer 36:3085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Tubbs RK (1966) Sequence distribution of partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate). J Polym Sci A1 4:623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Bunn CW, Peiser HS (1947) Mixed crystal formation in high polymers. Nature 159:161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bunn CW (1948) Crystal structure of polyvinyl alcohol. Nature 161:929

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ricciardi R, Auriemma F, De Rosa C, Lauprêtre F (2004) X-ray diffraction analysis of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels obtained by freezing and thawing techniques. Macromolecules 37:1921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Komatsu M, Inoue T, Miyasaka K (1986) Light-scattering studies on the sol–gel transition in aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol). J Polym Sci: Polym Phys Ed 24:303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kawanishi K, Komatsu M, Inoue T (1987) Thermodynamic consideration of the sol-gel transition in polymer solutions. Polymer 28:980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pines E, Prins W (1973) Structure-property relations of thermoreversible macromolecular hydrogels. Macromolecules 6:888

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Peppas NA (1976) Crystallization of polyvinyl alcohol-water films by slow dehydration. Eur Polym J 12:495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Mallapragada SK, Peppas NA (1996) Dissolution mechanism of semicrystalline poly(vinyl alcohol) in water. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 34:1339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kukharchik MM, Baramboim NK (1972) Change in the properties of aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) during cryolytic action. Vysokomol Soedin 14B:843

    Google Scholar 

  49. Yokoyama F, Masada I, Shimamura K, Ikawa T, Monobe K (1986) Morphology and structure of highly elastic poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel prepared by repeated freezing-and-melting. Colloid Polym Sci 264:595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Watase M, Nishinari K (1989) Effect of the degree of saponification on the rheological and thermal properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels. Makromol Chem 190:155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kobayashi M, Ando I, Ishii T, Amiya S (1995) Structural study of poly(vinyl alcohol) in the gel state by high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Macromolecules 28:6677

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kobayashi M, Ando I, Ishii T, Amiya S (1998) Structural and dynamical studies of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 440:155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kobayashi M, Kanekiyo M, Ando I (1998) A study of molecular motion of PVA/water system by high-pressure 1H pulse-NMR method. Polym Gels Netw 6:347

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kanekiyo M, Kobayashi M, Ando I, Kurosu H, Ishii T, Amiya S (1998) A structural and dynamic study of poly(vinyl alcohol) in the gel state by solid-state 13C NMR and 1H pulse NMR. J Mol Struct 447:49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Terao T, Maeda S, Saika A (1983) High-resolution solid-state carbon-13 NMR of poly(vinyl alcohol): enhancement of tacticity splitting by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Macromolecules 16:1535

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ricciardi R, Gaillet C, Ducouret G, Lafuma F, Lauprêtre F (2003) Investigation of the relationships between the chain organization and rheological properties of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels. Polymer 44:3375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ricciardi R, Auriemma F, Gaillet C, De Rosa C, Lauprêtre F (2004) Investigation of the crystallinity of freeze/thaw poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels by different techniques. Macromolecules 37:9510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Valentín JL, López D, Hernández R, Mijangos C, Saalwächter K (2009) Structure of poly(vinyl alcohol) cryo-hydrogels as studied by proton low-field NMR spectroscopy. Macromolecules 42:263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Fergg F, Keil FJ, Quader H (2001) Investigations of the microscopic structure of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Colloid Polym Sci 279:61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ricciardi R, Mangiapia G, Lo Celso F, Paduano L, Triolo R, Auriemma F, De Rosa C, Lauprêtre F (2005) Structural organization of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels obtained by freezing and thawing techniques: a SANS study. Chem Mater 17:1183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Willcox PJ, Howie DW Jr, Schimdt-Rohr K, Hoagland A, Gido SP, Pudjijanto S, Kleiner LW, Venkatraman S (1999) Microstructure of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels produced by freeze/thaw cycling. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 37:3438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ricciardi R, D’Errico G, Auriemma F, Ducouret G, Tedeschi AM, De Rosa C, Lauprêtre F, Lafuma F (2005) Short time dynamics of solvent molecules and supramolecular organization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels obtained by freeze/thaw techniques. Macromolecules 38:6629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Tedeschi A, Auriemma F, Ricciardi R, Mangiapia G, Trifuoggi M, Franco L, De Rosa C, Heenan RK, Paduano L, D’Errico G (2006) A study of the microstructural and diffusion properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels containing surfactant supramolecular aggregates. J Phys Chem B 110:23031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hyon S-H, Ikada Y (1987) Porous and transparent poly(vinyl alcohol) gel and method of manufacturing the same. US Patent 4663358

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hyon S-H, Cha W-I, Ikada Y, Kita M, Ogura Y, Honda Y (1994) Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels as soft contact lens material. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 5:397

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Berghmans H, Stoks W (1986) Thermoreversible gelation of vinylpolymers. In: Kleintjens LA, Lemstra PJ (eds) Integration of fundamental polymer science and technology. Springer, London

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kanaya T, Ohkura M, Kaji H, Furusaka M, Misawa M (1994) Structure of poly(viny1 alcohol) gels studied by wide- and small-angle neutron scattering. Macromolecules 27:5609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kanaya T, Takeshita H, Nishikoji Y, Ohkura M, Nishida K, Kaji K (1998) Micro- and mesoscopic structure of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels determined by neutron and light scattering. Supramol Sci 5:215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Kanaya T, Ohkura M, Takeshita H, Kaji H, Furusaka M, Yamaoka H, Wignall GD (1995) Gelation process of poly(viny1 alcohol) as studied by small-angle neutron and light scattering. Macromolecules 28:3168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Takeshita H, Kanaya T, Nishida K, Kaji K (2002) Small-angle neutron scattering studies on network structure of transparent and opaque PVA gels. Physica B 311:78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Takeshita H, Kanaya T, Nishida K, Kaji K (1999) Gelation process and phase separation of PVA solutions as studied by a light scattering technique. Macromolecules 32:7815

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ohkura M, Kanaya T, Kaji K (1992) Gels of poly(vinyl alcohol) from dimethyl sulphoxide/water solutions. Polymer 33:3686–3690

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Takeshita H, Kanaya T, Nishida K, Kaji K, Takahashi T, Hashimoto M (2000) Ultra-small-angle neutron scattering studies on phase separation of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels. Phys Rev E 61:2125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Trieu H, Qutubuddin S (1994) Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels I: microscopic structure by freeze-etching and critical point drying techniques. Colloid Polym Sci 272:301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Trieu H, Qutubuddin S (1995) Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: 2. Effects of processing parameters on structure and properties. Polymer 36:2531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Auriemma F, De Rosa C, Triolo R (2006) Slow crystallization kinetics of poly(vinyl alcohol) in confined environment during cryotropic gelation of aqueous solutions. Macromolecules 39:9429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Auriemma F, De Rosa C, Ricciardi R, Lo Celso F, Triolo R, Pipich V (2008) Time-resolving analysis of cryotropic gelation of water/poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions via small-angle neutron scattering. J Phys Chem B 112:816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cahn JW (1965) Phase separation by spinodal decomposition in isotropic systems. J Chem Phys 42:93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hirotsu S, Kaneki A (1988) Dynamics of phase transition in polymer gels: studies of spinodal decomposition and pattern formation. In: Komura S, Furukawa H (eds) Dynamics of ordering process in condensed matter. Plenum, Kyoto, pp 481–486

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  80. Takeshita H, Kanaya T, Nishida K, Kaji K (2001) Spinodal decomposition and syneresis of PVA gel. Macromolecules 34:7894

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Wunderlich B (1980) Macromolecular physics, crystal melting, vol 3. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  82. Grebowicz J, Cheng SZD, Wunderlich B (1986) Kinetics of transitions involving condis crystals. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 24:675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Cheng SZD (1988) Kinetics of mesophase transitions in thermotropic copolyesters. 1: calorimetric study. Macromolecules 21:2475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bao QB, Higham PA (1991) Hydrogel intervertebral disc nucleus. US5047055

    Google Scholar 

  85. Hyon SH, Cha WI, Oka M, Ikada Y (1993) Shock absorbing ability of joint materials. III. Effect of molecular weight and saturated water content on the loss factor of PVA-hydrogels. Polym Prep Jpn (Eng Ed) 42:71

    Google Scholar 

  86. Mano I, Goshima H, Nambu M (1986) New polyvinyl alcohol gel materials for MRI phantoms. Magn Reson Med 3:921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kharine A, Manohar S, Seeton R, Kolkman RGM, Bolt RA, Steenbergen W, de Mul FFM (2003) Poly(vinyl alcohol) gels for use as tissue phantoms in photoacoustic mammography. Phys Med Biol 48:357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Takamura A, Ishii T, Hidaka H (1992) Drug release from poly(vinyl alcohol) gel prepared by freeze-thaw procedure. J Control Release 20:21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Peppas NA, Scott JE (1992) Controlled release from poly(vinyl alcohol) gels prepared by freezing-thawing processes. J Control Release 18:95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ficek BJ, Peppas NA (1993) Novel preparation of poly (vinyl alcohol) microparticles without crosslinking agent for controlled drug delivery of proteins. J Control Release 27:259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gutiérrez MC, Aranaz I, Ferrer ML, del Monto F (2010) Productions and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: recent developments. In: Mattiasson B, Kumar A, Galaev IY (eds) Macroporous polymers: production, properties and biological/biomedical applications. CRC, Boca Raton, p 83

    Google Scholar 

  92. Podorozhko EA, D’yakonova EA, Kolosova OY, Klabukov LF, Lozinsky VI (2012) A study of cryostructuring of polymer systems. 34. Poly(vinyl alcohol) composite cryogels filled with microparticles of polymer dispersion. Colloid J 74:708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Podorozhko EA, Vorontsova TV, Lozinsky VI (2012) Study of cryostructuring of polymer systems. 32. Morphology and physicochemical properties of composite poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels filled with hydrophobic liquid microdroplets. Colloid J 74:110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lozinsky VI, Zubov AL, Titova EF (1997) Poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels employed as matrices for cell immobilization. 2. Entrapped cells resemble porous fillers in their effects on the properties of PVA-cryogel carrier. Enzyme Microb Technol 20:182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Podorozhko EA, Korlyukov AA, Lozinsky VI (2010) Cryostructuring of polymer systems. XXX. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based composite cryogels filled with small disperse oil droplets: a gel system capable of mechanically induced releasing of the lipophilic constituents. J Appl Polym Sci 117:1332.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Abitbol T, Johnstone T, Quinn TM, Gray DG (2011) Reinforcement with cellulose nanocrystals of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels prepared by cyclic freezing and thawing. Soft Mater 7:2373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Pan Y, Xiong D, Chen X (2007) Mechanical properties of nanohydroxyapatite reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) gel composites as biomaterial. J Mater Sci 42:5129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lozinsky VI, Damshkaln LG (2001) Study of cryostructuration of polymer systems. XX. Foamed poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels. J Appl Polym Sci 82:1609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte Sant’ Angelo, via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy

    Claudio De Rosa, Finizia Auriemma & Rocco Di Girolamo

Authors
  1. Claudio De Rosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Finizia Auriemma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rocco Di Girolamo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Finizia Auriemma .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Oguz Okay

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

De Rosa, C., Auriemma, F., Di Girolamo, R. (2014). Kinetic Analysis of Cryotropic Gelation of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Water Solutions by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. In: Okay, O. (eds) Polymeric Cryogels. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 263. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05846-7_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation