Abstract
This chapter summarizes the issues explored in this book concerning the oversight of sport and gambling, and the need to prevent money laundering.
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Notes
- 1.
Ferrajoli’s “garantismo,” with some foothold in constitutional maxims, reinforcing principles of nulla poena sine juditio and nulla poena sine processu, among others, fell short of nullifying the quest for real truth through excessive resort to appeals or curtailing the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over a substantive case. Nor has it come down to point-by-point analysis of facts placed before it. It comes down to determining necessity, fault-based liability, adequate proof, cross-examination, and the right to a hearing. Then again, one does not go off in search of truth at any price, especially at the cost of historic advances which have resulted in the recognition of universal rights, consisting at first of individual principles, progressing through collective, to transindividual—the right of the whole.
- 2.
Cf. Ferrajoli, Luigi. El garantismo y la filosofía del derecho. Bogotá: Universidade Externado de Colombia, p. 132.
- 3.
See Graham Johnson. Football and Gangsters: How Organized Crime Controls the Beautiful Game. Great Britain: Cox and Wyman Ltd., 2007, p. 199.
- 4.
Cf. JAKOBS, Günther, and MELIÁ, Manuel Cancio. Direito penal do inimigo. Noções e críticas. Transl. André Luís Callegari and Nereu José Giacomolli. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2005. pp. 66–69.
- 5.
Id.
- 6.
Autonomy (the subject’s capacity to abide by law) is held to be a functioning capacity where its outcome is functional, and absent that there must be another way of resolving the conflict. (Roxin, Claus. Derecho penal—Parte general—Fundamentos. La estructura de la teoria del delito. Madrid: Civitas, 2006. t. 1, p. 806).
- 7.
We would have violations of human dignity, and the subject would come to be used by the state to further its preventive convenience. (ROXIN, Claus. Reflexões sobre a construção sistemática do direito penal. RBCCrim 82/35).
- 8.
JOY, Stephen; WARREN KINDT, John. Internet Gambling and the Destabilization of National and International Economies: Time for a Comprehensive Ban on Gambling Over the World Wide Web. 80 Denv. U. L. Rev. 111 2002–2003, p. 119.
- 9.
See Raul Caruso. Relational Goods at Work! Crime and Sport Participation in Italy: Evidence from Panel Data Regional Analysis over the Period 1997–2003. Contemporary Issues in Sports Economics. Participation and Professional Team Sports. Cheltenhanm, UK: Edward Edgar Publishing Ltd., 2011, p. 59.
- 10.
The “Mane Garrincha” stadium in Brasilia, with a capacity for 71,000 spectators (the second largest in Brazil, behind only the Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro), was budgeted at US$ 650 million (US dollars on May 20, 2013) and funded through the negotiation of land negotiated by and belonging to Terracap, property state, whose society is divided between the government of Brasilia (51 %) and the Federal government (49 %). The directors of the company were all dismissed by Governor Agnelo Queiroz. The final expense is estimated at US$ 1 billion. The Court of the Federal District discovered irregularities of all sorts, such as duplicated costs of leased equipment, oversized transportation vouchers, overpayment for services not performed, and overpricing in some items valued at US$ 36 million. As of now, the Maracanã has cost about US$ 506 million for just a second reform (in A terra do “Nunca fica Pronto”. Revista Época, edição 781, May 13, 2013. São Paulo: editora Globo, p. 30–35).
- 11.
See O TCU e a Copa do Mundo de 2014, Brasília, April 2013, in http://portal2.tcu.gov.br/portal/page/portal/TCU/copa2014.
- 12.
Cf. Jorge VI, presidente do CSA-AL denúncia corrupção em obras da Copa do Mundo. Futebol Interior, Dec. 13, 2012. In http://www.futebolinterior.com.br/campeonato/alagoano-primeira_divisao-2013/247493 + Presidente_do_CSA-AL_denuncia_corrupcao_em_obras_da_Copa_do_Mundo.
- 13.
Cf. FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE—FATF Money Laundering through the Football Sector Report. In http://www.fatf-gafi.org/topics/methodsandtrends/documents/moneylaunderingthroughthefootballsector.html. Last updated February 1, 2012.
- 14.
The Normative 748/RFB Revenue Service of Brazil, of June 28, 2007, does not require the full identification of partners and managers, contrary to the legal entities domiciled in the country, but rather requires only the presentation of a copy of the charter, in order to obtain the CNPJ (the identification number for companies in the Brazilian Internal Revenue Service). This may be satisfied with the mere statement issued by a public tax haven (with company name, date of opening, legal, corporate, and address).
- 15.
In Red Card: The Battle Over European Football’s Transfer System. 56 U. Miami L. Ver. 667, 2001, pp.723–25.
- 16.
Cf. Direito Desportivo. Tributo a Marcílio Krieger. Coordenation: Leonardo Schmidt de Bem and Rafael Teixeira Ramos. São Paulo: Quartier Latin, 2009, p. 100–103.
- 17.
The Pelé Law basically includes the following: sovereignty in the organization of sport, the organizational autonomy, and football as a national identity. It also determines an ethical and transparent financial management, with social liability (Article 2, I and II, and the single paragraph); the obligation of the National Sports System can be established autonomously, requiring quality standards and integrating the Brazilian cultural heritage, considered of high social interest (Article 4, IV §§ 1–3); the obligation of National Sports to supervise the application of the principles set forth, issuing opinions and recommendations, and to propose measures for the application of funds from the Ministry of Sports among others (Article 11, I–V); to obtain public funds, entities administering the sport should perform all acts necessary to allow accurate identification of one’s financial situation, provide rescue plans and investments, ensure the independence of their boards of directors, supervisory professional model, and prepare and publish its financial statements as defined in the Law 6404 of December 15, 1976, after being audited by independent auditors (Article 27, § 6). It also provides accountability of managers when they deviate from purposes set, or work for themselves or for third parties. The clubs can be established as a corporation (Article 27, § 9); sporting entities that do not constitute a business company will qualify as a society in common, pursuant to Article 990 of the Civil Code, which obliges the partners to respond jointly and severally by social obligations. Thus, members began to be held jointly liable for the debts of the clubs (Article 27, § 11); prohibition to the same person or entity to control a single team (Article 27A), the incidental nature of the bond with sports the athlete, dissolving it for all legal purposes, valid from March 25, 2001 (Article 28, § 2, and Article 93); the preference for the first renewal of the original contract professional, with a maximum term of 2 years by the athlete’s training entity (Article 29, caput); the need to submit independent audits for sports leagues and entities administering sport at the National Sports Council (Article 46A). Law 10,671, of May 15, 2003, amended by Law 12,299, of July 27, 2010, called the Statute of Defense Fan, brought important innovations, notably with regard to administrative and financial transparency of economic activity in sport. It guarantees the right of fans to organized contests with regulations and ticket sales, security in places of the competitions, safe transportation in stadiums, and quality food in stadiums. It makes clear, in Article 4, § 2, that the sports organization is founded on freedom of association and a member of the Brazilian cultural heritage with high social interest. Due to this, the federal courts have jurisdiction according to Article 70 of Complementary Law 75 of May 20, 1993 (Organic Law of the Federal Public Prosecution). This law also established the right to transparency and publicity of sports entities linked to professional football, but its Article 5 was vetoed, so there is only the mandatory disclosure of income (Article 7). By stipulating the guidelines of Sports Justice, the law made it clear that it should be guided by impersonality, speed, publicity, and independence, requiring the course of the process under penalty of nullity (Articles 34–36). Football is contemplated by incentives and tax benefits (Law 11,438 of December 29, 2006, regulated by Decree 6,180 of March 8, 2007).
- 18.
Federal rights are the right of a club in registering the athlete in the federation as bound to him. Thus, the federative rights arise precisely from the conclusion of the employment contract and cannot be divided. A player may not be registered in the federation for more than one club at a time.
- 19.
BALTAZAR JR., José Paulo. Crime organizado e proibição de insuficiência. Porto Alegre: Livraria do Advogado, 2010. pp. 53–54.
- 20.
Id. p. 55.
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De Sanctis, F. (2014). Conclusions. In: Football, Gambling, and Money Laundering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05609-8_8
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