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Icing Process

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Wind Turbines in Cold Climates

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

This chapter discusses the models of the physics of the water impingement and ice formation mechanisms. Body discretization, external flow and temperature field, and body wetness have been analysed. The contents give the fundamentals of the design of anti-icing or de-icing systems. The icing process is described from the thermo-fluid-dynamic point of view. The aim is not to detail the ice growing process, but to give methods to determine the water mass flow captured by the aerodynamic profile, the impingement limits and the heat flows involved in the process on the surface, as ice prevention systems are designed to keep the surface reasonably clean of ice. To this aim the general theory for droplet trajectory includes the fixed cylinder case, the collision efficiency calculation for profiles at zero and other than zero AoAs. Calculation of the difference between translating and rotating blade on impinging water is presented and discussed. A numerical example for the profile of the Tjærborg wind turbine rotor is given. Finally, some relevant conclusions applied to wind turbines are drawn. The chapter analyses the water mass balance at the surface, and the thermo-fluid-dynamic processes at the iced surface by the concept of freezing fraction. Thus with the help of energy and mass conservation equations the problem of ice accretion and anti-ice design is presented and solved.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A rigorous analysis reveals that the isoentropic coefficient \(\varepsilon \) within the boundary layer is an equivalent coefficient, taking into account that the viscous layer is formed on dry air, vapour and water. This means that it should be computed as weighted average of the mixture components in the volume according to the following:

    $$\begin{aligned} c_{p,eq} = \frac{\displaystyle \sum m_i c_i}{\displaystyle \sum m_i} = \frac{c_{p,air}+\displaystyle \frac{m_{vap}}{m_{\textit{air}}}c_{p,vap}+\displaystyle \frac{m_{w}}{m_{\textit{air}}}c_{w}}{1+\displaystyle \frac{m_{vap}}{m_{\textit{air}}}+ \displaystyle \frac{m_{w}}{m_{\textit{air}}}} \end{aligned}$$
    (4.6)

    After substituting the numerical values, it results that \(c_{p,eq}\sim c_{p,\textit{air}}\), so the specific heat of air at constant pressure and hence \(\varepsilon \) will be used for the following analysis within the boundary layer.

  2. 2.

    Another definition (for numerical implementation purposes) considers the fraction of the total liquid entering the control volume that freezes within the control volume.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. DICAM, University of Trento, Trento, Italy

    Lorenzo Battisti

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  1. Lorenzo Battisti
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Correspondence to Lorenzo Battisti .

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Battisti, L. (2015). Icing Process. In: Wind Turbines in Cold Climates. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05191-8_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05191-8_4

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-05190-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05191-8

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