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Pre- and Perinatal Influences on Female Mental Health

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Abstract

The fetal origins of adult physiological health and disease are well established, as are the fetal origins of psychosocial well-being. A fetus’s in utero experiences can foreshadow her gestational age, birth outcome, and her behavior as a neonate, infant, toddler, and beyond; thus it is essential to consider pre- and perinatal experiences and exposures when exploring female mental health across the life-span. Epidemiologist David Barker’s “fetal programming” hypothesis illuminates the physical health effects of poor early prenatal nutrition and provides a backdrop against which we illuminate the mental health effects of poor prenatal circumstances of various kinds, including chronic stress. Myriad fetal/neonatal developmental trajectories are altered—and in some cases, genetic expression itself—as a survival-based adaptive response to such circumstances, predisposing the individual to an array of lifelong mental health challenges. Attachment is theorized to begin in the womb, and with it the seeds of self-regulation and self-differentiation—three fundamental predictors of psychosocial health; thus, we examine the developmental toll of pre- and perinatal “malattachment” upon female mental health.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    To avoid the cumbersome dual reference throughout, whenever we refer to “obstetrician” we include midwives as obstetrical care professionals.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Marcy Axness Ph.D.

  2. The Center for Women’s Health, Stamford, CT, USA

    Joel Evans M.D.

  3. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Joel Evans M.D.

Authors
  1. Marcy Axness Ph.D.
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  2. Joel Evans M.D.
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Correspondence to Marcy Axness Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Center for Postpartum Health, Sherman Oaks, California, USA

    Diana Lynn Barnes

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Axness, M., Evans, J. (2014). Pre- and Perinatal Influences on Female Mental Health. In: Barnes, D. (eds) Women's Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05116-1_1

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