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Chemical Reactor Modeling pp 809–881Cite as

Agitation and Fluid Mixing Technology

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Abstract

Many industrial processes rely on effective agitation and mixing of fluids.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In English literature the term blending are most commonly used describing mixing of miscible liquids, whereas the term mixing is used describing mixing of immiscible liquids, powders, etc [53].

  2. 2.

    The torque or angular moment is defined as the tendency of a force to rotate the body to which it is applied. Torque is thus a force that affects rotational motion and is always specified with regard to the axis of rotation.

  3. 3.

    Thrust is defined as the propulsive force developed by a jet-propelled motor.

  4. 4.

    The work done by the impeller on the fluid is equal to the thrust multiplied by the distance [83] (p. 423), as is discussed in the subsequent section.

  5. 5.

    Turbomachines are dynamic fluid machines that add (for pumps) or extract (for turbines) flow energy.

  6. 6.

    In other contexts, the turbine head is sometimes written as \(h_{\text {T}} = - (h_{\text {Shaft}}-h_{\text {Friction}})_T\), where the subscript \(T\) refers to the turbine component of the contents of the control volume only. The quantity \(h_{\text {T}}\) is the actual head drop across the turbine and is the sum of the shaft work head out of the turbine and the head loss within the turbine. When a pump is in the control volume, \(h_{\text {P}} = (h_{\text {Shaft}}-h_{\text {Friction}})_P\) is often used where \(h_{\text {P}}\) is the actual head rise across the pump an is equal to the difference between the shaft work into the pump and the head loss within the pump. Notice that the \(h_{\text {Friction}}\) used for the turbine and the pump is the head loss within that unit only. When \(h_s\) is used in the extended Bernoulli equation, \(h_{\text {Friction}}\) involves all losses including those within the turbine, pump or compressor. When \(h_{\text {T}}\) or \(h_{\text {P}}\) is used for \(h_{\text {Shaft}}\), then \(h_{\text {Friction}}\) includes all losses except those associated with the turbine or pump flows.

  7. 7.

    The laboratory frame equations can also be obtained from the rotational frame formulation, if we let \({{\varvec{\Omega }}}=0\).

  8. 8.

    The virtual Coriolis and centrifugal forces due to the earth’s rotation are normally added to \(g_\theta \) and \(g_r\), as shown in (7.115).

  9. 9.

    Recently, an Eulerian derivation of the Coriolis force has been reported by Kageyama and Hyodo [45]. They present a general procedure to derive the transformed equations in the rotating frame of reference based on the local Galilean transformation and rotational coordinate transformation of field quantities.

  10. 10.

    Hansen [34] gives an informative derivation of the momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates employing an inertial frame.

  11. 11.

    This turbulence model is similar to the standard \(k\)-\(\varepsilon \) model, but with altered model parameter values and the effect of swirl on turbulence is included in the RNG mode intending to enhance the accuracy of swirling flow simulations.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Hugo A. Jakobsen

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Jakobsen, H.A. (2014). Agitation and Fluid Mixing Technology. In: Chemical Reactor Modeling. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05092-8_7

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