Abstract
Although our study is mainly anatomical, it appeared useful to include some physiological data specifically related to the modifications and the role of the bulbo-clitoral organ during the different phases of the sexual act.
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Notes
- 1.
The duration of the female orgasm (average 20 s) is greater than that of man (average 6 s)!
- 2.
This neurotransmitter is regarded as the true “hormone of pleasure” (J.D. Vincent).
- 3.
The excreting canals of the two paraurethral glands or glands of Skene are located on the distal end of the urethra, on either side of the external ostium of the urethra. In certain women, known as “fountain women”, during the sexual excitation phase, the secretion of these glands can be particularly abundant.
- 4.
Vaginal dryness, a frequent occurrence after the menopause, is related to a hypo-oestrogenia. This phenomenon can also be observed in non-menopaused women, in relation to “dry syndromes” or during certain vulvo-vaginal mycoses. There are also other types of dryness of iatrogenic origin, following the absorption of certain drugs.
- 5.
It should be recalled that the medial part of the bulbospongious muscle in a woman forms what previous scientists referred to as the “constrictor cunni”.
- 6.
The first NMR of sexual intercourse, performed in 1999 by W.W. Schultz et al., showed that the penis in erection is, on the sagittal sections, neither straight, such as represented by Leonard de Vinci, nor shaped like an S, such as represented by R.L. Dickinson in 1933, but shaped like a boomerang as it forms a 120° angle with each of its roots.
- 7.
Georg Ludwig Kobelt (1851), in his remarkable book, referred to the “expulsive contractions of the bulbo-spongiosus muscles” which make the blood of the bulbs flow back to the intermediate network and behave like a genuine “hydraulic apparatus (sexual heart)”!
- 8.
The NMR images (A. Faix et al., W.W Schultz et al.) showed that during intercourse the penile glans reaches the anterior vaginal fornix or the posterior vaginal fornix and that this depends on the penetration position and on the topography of the uterus (ante- or retroverted).
- 9.
We can very logically wonder whether the finality of clitoral erection, at a simple mechanical level, is not to prevent the clitoris from hindering or being an obstacle to penile penetration.
- 10.
It is this dynamic (hood towards the rear and clitoral body towards the front), which partly explains the apparent temporary retractions of the glans under the hood, observable during the back-and-forth movements. These withdrawals also occur during orgasm when the muscular contractions of the ischio- and bulbocavernous muscles amplify the phenomenon.
- 11.
A. Ingelman-Sundberg was able to systematically highlight these ligaments during operations relating to the anterior perineum.
- 12.
The G spot (Grafenberg spot) is an area (which has still not been determined from an anatomical viewpoint) located on the anterior wall of the vagina, approximately a few centimetres from its external ostium and whose characteristic is to be extremely erogenous.
- 13.
It should be noted that our research showed a significant amount of nerves at the periphery of the external ostium of the female urethra, but on the other hand, a total absence of corpuscles of pleasure (Fig. 15.2).
- 14.
The usual function of the pubo-rectal bundles of the levator ani muscle is a lifting function: their contraction brings the median pelvic organs of the pubic symphysis closer together.
- 15.
The exceptional penis captivus (involuntary muscular spasm, retaining the penis in erection inside the vagina) is due to the peri-vaginal muscles (constrictor cunni) and not to the pubo-rectal bundles of the levator ani muscles.
- 16.
It is at the level of the limbic lobe that the pleasure sensation ends but functional MRI has shown that many areas of the brain are involved: amygdaloid body, hippocampus, accumbens nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, temporal cortex, frontal cortex with, when approaching orgasm, the production of oxytocin, which explains the small mammary discharges of this phase and the occurrence of uterine contractions.
- 17.
These muscle contractions occur in two phases: the first, unique and intense, the tonic phase, the second, made of short burst contractions, the clonic phase (suggestive of clonic seizure).
- 18.
A respiration rate of 30/min, a systolic blood pressure of 20 and a pulse of 120 are not exceptional.
- 19.
The rhythmic contractions of the uterine musculature are controlled by the vegetative system (utero-vaginal plexus).
- 20.
Cerebral NMR (B. Komisaruk 2011) has shown that, during orgasm, most of the cerebral zones are activated.
- 21.
The most important neurosecretions during the orgasmic phase are the dopamine, the oxytocin and the
endogenous opioids.
- 22.
However, certain specialists of the animal world consider that female cats and apes can have orgasms.
- 23.
Certain authors think that the exaltation and the impression of detachment of the body, felt by hundreds women during orgasm, share common features with the ecstasy phenomena observed in great mystics.
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Di Marino, V., Lepidi, H. (2014). The Bulbo-clitoral Organ in the Sexual Act. In: Anatomic Study of the Clitoris and the Bulbo-Clitoral Organ. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04894-9_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04894-9_15
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