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Semantic Data Interfaces for the Masses

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Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly Publishing

Part of the book series: Law, Governance and Technology Series ((LGTS,volume 15))

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Abstract

Extensive research has been done on models, theoretical approaches and development of tools to infer new information from data and ontologies. However, the Semantic Web will only be fully integrated with the everyday-Web only when it will be easily available and fully accessible to every Web users and not only to Semantic Web practitioners. The Semantic Publishing community urgently needs specific tools to assist non-experts in dealing with and publishing semantic data. In this chapter, I describe influential work and my personal contribution to this area. In addition, I discuss possible next steps to extend existing legislative editor by means of Semantic Web technologies, and highlight the key characteristics of semantically-enhanced legislative editors of the future.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Protégé: http://protege.stanford.edu.

  2. 2.

    Sindice: http://sindice.com.

  3. 3.

    Watson: http://watson.kmi.open.ac.uk.

  4. 4.

    SemNotes: http://smile.deri.ie/projects/semn.

  5. 5.

    SpecGen: http://forge.morfeo-project.org/wiki_en/index.php/SpecGen.

  6. 6.

    MIT license: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

  7. 7.

    The Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities (SIOC) project: http://sioc-project.org.

  8. 8.

    VocDoc: http://kantenwerk.org/vocdoc/.

  9. 9.

    OWLDoc: http://code.google.com/p/co-ode-owl-plugins/wiki/OWLDoc.

  10. 10.

    Protégé: http://protege.stanford.edu/.

  11. 11.

    Ontology browser: http://code.google.com/p/ontology-browser/.

  12. 12.

    Paget: http://code.google.com/p/paget.

  13. 13.

    Ian Davis’ Linked Data profile, rendered through Paget: http://iandavis.com/id/me.html.

  14. 14.

    A vocabulary for describing whisky varieties, rendered through Paget:http://vocab.org/whisky/terms.html.

  15. 15.

    Neologism: http://neologism.deri.ie.

  16. 16.

    Parrot: http://ontorule-project.eu/parrot/parrot.

  17. 17.

    TopBraid Composer: http://www.topbraidcomposer.com.

  18. 18.

    NeOn Toolkit: http://www.neon-toolkit.org.

  19. 19.

    Poseidon for UML: http://www.gentleware.com/products.html.

  20. 20.

    DC-dot: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/dcdot.

  21. 21.

    Metamarker: http://www.fao.org/aims/tools/metamaker.jsp.

  22. 22.

    AGRIS Application Profiles: http://aims.fao.org/standards/agmes/application-profiles/agris.

  23. 23.

    AGROVOS thesaurus: http://aims.fao.org/website/AGROVOC-Thesaurus/sub.

  24. 24.

    TKME: http://geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/tools/doc/tkme.html.

  25. 25.

    SemanticForms: http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Semantic_Forms.

  26. 26.

    Jena: http://jena.sourceforge.net.

  27. 27.

    LODE, the Live OWL Documentation Environment: http://lode.sourceforge.net.

  28. 28.

    OWLAPI: http://owlapi.sourceforge.net.

  29. 29.

    The prefixes dc, dcterms, owl and rdfs in the following list respectively refers to “http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/”, “http://purl.org/dc/terms/”, “http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#” and “http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#”.

  30. 30.

    FOAF ontology: http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/index.rdf.

  31. 31.

    http://www.essepuntato.it/2012/04/lodeusertesting.

  32. 32.

    Given a node in the ontology, its size is the total number of its direct and indirect subclasses.

  33. 33.

    Given a node in the ontology, its shape is an indication of the organisation of the subclasses. For instance, an ontology (or part of it) can have a horizontal (i.e., many subclasses and few levels of depth), or a vertical (i.e., many inheritance levels and only a few subclasses at each level) shape (Tartir et al. 2006). Understanding the shape of an ontology (or part of it) also means to understand whether it is balanced, indicating that all parts of the (sub-)ontology in question have been developed to a similar extent, or unbalanced, possibly indicating that some parts of the (sub-)ontology are less developed than others.

  34. 34.

    Eleanor Rosch has been one of the pioneers of the prototype theory, i.e., a cognitive approach for categorisation where some members of a particular category are considered more “central” than others. Rosch’s works on categorisation have been the basis of significant subsequent research, such as the notion of conceptual spaces by Gardenfors (2000) and of conceptual metaphors by Lakoff (1987), Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In this work I have used an operative definition of Rosch’s natural category derived from her notion of basic level.

  35. 35.

    KCE Live: http://www.essepuntato.it/kce.

  36. 36.

    In the latter case, some degree of control is given to the users with respect to the redrawing algorithm, by allowing them to decide whether or not to limit the freedom of the graph layout algorithm to rearrange existing nodes. This is particularly useful in those situations where the expansion is meant to add only a few nodes, and the users do not want the layout to be unnecessarily modified—e.g., because they have already manually rearranged the nodes according to their own preferences.

  37. 37.

    When this preference is enabled the set of key concepts returned by the algorithm may not guarantee the best possible coverage of the ontology.

  38. 38.

    The SUMO ontology: http://www.ontologyportal.org/SUMO.owl.

  39. 39.

    For tasks not completed within the time limit, we consider a 15 min performance. This could be modified to consider ‘penalties’, such as a 5 min penalty for a non-completed task. However, adding the penalty does not lead to meaningful changes in the interpretation of the data, other than increasing the performance gap between the KC-Viz group and the others.

  40. 40.

    Graffoo, the Graphic framework for OWL ontologies: http://www.essepuntato.it/graffoo.

  41. 41.

    The yEd diagram editor: http://www.yworks.com/en/products_yed_about.html.

  42. 42.

    http://www.essepuntato.it/graffoo/sources.

  43. 43.

    Mootools: http://mootools.net.

  44. 44.

    The demo installation of OWiki I use in the following examples is available at http://owiki.web.cs.unibo.it.

  45. 45.

    Note that it is difficult to freeze a moment for a complete description of a rapidly evolving situation related to ongoing projects and applications such as those described in the following sections. Therefore, all the considerations and descriptions about such tools refers to their status in June 2013.

  46. 46.

    Bungeni project homepage: http://www.bungeni.org/.

  47. 47.

    Bungeni editor homepage: https://code.google.com/p/bungeni-editor/.

  48. 48.

    OpenOffice Writer homepage: http://www.openoffice.org/product/writer.html.

  49. 49.

    AT4AM homepage: http://www.at4am.org/.

  50. 50.

    A demo of AT4AM for All is available at http://www.at4am.org/demo/.

  51. 51.

    LIME homepage: http://lime.cirsfid.unibo.it.

  52. 52.

    From the Karger’s blog post “Keynote at ESWC Part 3: What’s Wrong with Semantic Web Research, and Some Ideas to Fix it”, available at http://haystack.csail.mit.edu/blog/2013/06/10/keynote-at-eswc-part-3-whats-wrong-with-semantic-web-research-and-some-ideas-to-fix-it/.

  53. 53.

    MultilingualWeb-LT Working Group homepage: http://www.w3.org/International/multilingualweb/lt/.

  54. 54.

    Multilingual Web Initiative homepage: http://www.multilingualweb.eu.

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  1. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Mura Anteo Zamboni 7, 40126 Bologna (BO), Bologna, Italy

    Silvio Peroni

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Peroni, S. (2014). Semantic Data Interfaces for the Masses. In: Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly Publishing. Law, Governance and Technology Series, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04777-5_6

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