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The Digital Publishing Revolution

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Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly Publishing

Part of the book series: Law, Governance and Technology Series ((LGTS,volume 15))

Abstract

In this Chapter I discuss the theories and technologies that take part in today’s publishing revolution, a.k.a. semantic publishing. In particular, I introduce some of the most important research works on my primary fields of interest, namely markup models and languages to enhance published documents (e.g., legislative documents) semantically, and ontologies/metadata schema to describe such documents. Finally, after introducing some significant research areas in the semantic publishing domain, I conclude the chapter by listing events (i.e., projects, workshops, journal issues, competitions) that have characterised the initial development of the discipline of semantic publishing.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Probably, the first formal document that used the words “open access” was (Bromley 1991).

  2. 2.

    The various initiatives that have been involved research communities around the topics and issues of Semantic Publishing, e.g., the Elsevier Grand Challenge and the SePublica Workshops, will be introduced in Sect. 2.5.

  3. 3.

    Note that the use of standoff approaches to handle overlapping issues is not only a prerogative of the world of Computer Science and document markup: it has been in fact adopted also in several projects in Linguistics related to the processing and annotation of natural language texts, for instance the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) (Cunningham 2002) and Callisto (Day et al. 2004).

  4. 4.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_%28metadata%29

  5. 5.

    http://www.fao.org/fi/figis/devcon/diXionary/index.html

  6. 6.

    eRDF: http://www.egeneva.ch/w3c-RDF-ResourceDescriptionFramework.

  7. 7.

    Formex homepage: http://formex.publications.europa.eu.

  8. 8.

    Publication Office of the European Union homepage: http://publications.europa.eu.

  9. 9.

    Excerpt from http://formex.publications.europa.eu/formex-4/physspec/formex-4-introduction-.htm.

  10. 10.

    Note that AIPA was transformed in Centro Nazionale per l’Informatica nella Pubblica Amministrazione (CNIPA) in 2003, and then in Ente nazionale per la Digitalizzazione della Pubblica Amministrazione (DigitPA) in 2009. Its current official website is http://www.digitpa.gov.it/.

  11. 11.

    E.g., http://www.ministerialtidende.dk/Forms/L0500.aspx?page=5.

  12. 12.

    METALex homepage: http://www.metalex.nl.

  13. 13.

    CEN MetaLex homepage: http://www.metalex.eu.

  14. 14.

    OASIS LegalDocumentML (LegalDocML) TC homepage: http://www.oasisopen.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=legaldocml

  15. 15.

    Akoma Ntoso homapage: http://www.akomantoso.org/.

  16. 16.

    Data.gov homepage: http://www.data.gov.

  17. 17.

    Data.gov.uk homepage: http://data.gov.uk.

  18. 18.

    Data Catalog Vocabulary/RDFa in data.gov.uk:

    http://www.w3.org/egov/wiki/Data_Catalog_Vocabulary/RDFa_in_data.gov.uk.

  19. 19.

    An interesting description of lessons learned by the process of conforming Open Government Data with the Open Linked Data is given in Shadbolt et al. (2012).

  20. 20.

    London Gazette homepage: http://www.london-gazette.co.uk.

  21. 21.

    An example of an HTML+RDFa page in the London Gazette is available at http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/58664/notices/497223/date=2008-04-10.

  22. 22.

    Gazette Ontology: http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ontology#.

  23. 23.

    Legislation.gov.uk homepage: http://www.legislation.gov.uk.

  24. 24.

    The National Archives homepage: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk.

  25. 25.

    Government of the United Kingdom homepage: https://www.gov.uk.

  26. 26.

    Formats: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/developer/formats.

  27. 27.

    XML format: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/developer/formats/xml.

  28. 28.

    Legislation Schema: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/schema/legislation.xsd.

  29. 29.

    BIBO, the Bibliographic Ontology: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/.

  30. 30.

    The FRBR Core in RDFS: http://vocab.org/frbr/core.

  31. 31.

    The FRBR Core in OWL 2 DL: http://purl.org/spar/frbr.

  32. 32.

    RDA, the Resource Description and Access, standard homepage: http://www.rda-jsc.org/rda.html.

  33. 33.

    American Library Association homepage: http://www.ala.org/.

  34. 34.

    Canadian Library Association homepage: http://www.cla.ca/.

  35. 35.

    Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals homepage: http://www.cilip.org.uk/.

  36. 36.

    Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition homepage: http://www.aacr2.org/.

  37. 37.

    The RDA (Resource Description and Access) Vocabularies: http://rdvocab.info/.

  38. 38.

    SWAN Citations Ontology Module: http://swan.mindinformatics.org/spec/1.2/citations.html.

  39. 39.

    Note that in SWAN the concept “Citation” is used to represent the cited object itself, rather than the performative act of making a citation.

  40. 40.

    SWAN Collections Ontology Module: http://swan.mindinformatics.org/spec/1.2/collections.html.

  41. 41.

    The Journal of Economic Literature Classification Scheme: http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/jel_class_system.php.

  42. 42.

    The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Computing Classification System 1998: http://www.acm.org/about/class/1998.

  43. 43.

    AGROVOC: http://aims.fao.org/website/AGROVOC-Thesaurus/sub.

  44. 44.

    The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh.

  45. 45.

    The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): http://id.loc.gov/search/.

  46. 46.

    Nuovo Soggettario of the National Central Library in Florence: http://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/

  47. 47.

    E.g., the class norm in http://www.estrellaproject.org/lkif-core/norm.owl.

  48. 48.

    E.g., the class legal role in http://www.estrellaproject.org/lkif-core/legal-role.owl.

  49. 49.

    E.g., the class process in http://www.estrellaproject.org/lkif-core/process.owl.

  50. 50.

    E.g., the class parliament in http://reference.data.gov.uk/def/parliament.

  51. 51.

    E.g., the class judge in http://www.wyner.info/research/case-ontology.owl.

  52. 52.

    The Parliament Ontology: http://reference.data.gov.uk/def/parliament.

  53. 53.

    MetaLex Ontlogy: http://justinian.leibnizcenter.org/MetaLex/metalex-cen.owl.

  54. 54.

    The original data were retrieved from http://www.wetten.nl.

  55. 55.

    MetaLex Document Server homepage: http://doc.metalex.eu.

  56. 56.

    RDF/XML format: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/developer/formats/rdf.

  57. 57.

    Core Legal Ontology: http://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/ontologies/CLO/CoreLegal.owl.

  58. 58.

    LKIF repository: http://github.com/RinkeHoekstra/lkif-core.

  59. 59.

    ALLOT core: http://akn.web.cs.unibo.it/allot/core.

  60. 60.

    ALLOT implementation: http://akn.web.cs.unibo.it/allot/impl.

  61. 61.

    LKIF time module: http://www.estrellaproject.org/lkif-core/time.owl.

  62. 62.

    Open Citation project blog: http://opencitations.wordpress.com.

  63. 63.

    Open Bibliography project blog: http://openbiblio.net.

  64. 64.

    It is available online at http://opencitations.net.

  65. 65.

    PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/.

  66. 66.

    Cambridge University Library: http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk.

  67. 67.

    British Library: http://www.bl.uk.

  68. 68.

    International Union of Crystallography: http://www.iucr.org.

  69. 69.

    PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/.

  70. 70.

    Lucero project blog: http://lucero-project.info.

  71. 71.

    The 1\(^{\text{st}}\) International Workshop about Semantic Publication (SePublica 2011): http://sepublica.mywikipaper.org.

  72. 72.

    The 1st International Workshop on Linked Science (LISC2011): http://data.linked-science.org/events/lisc2011.

  73. 73.

    Tutorial on Linked Science 2012 homepage: http://linkedscience.org/events/tolsci2012.

  74. 74.

    The Beyond the PDF Workshop homepage: http://sites.google.com/site/beyondthepdf/.

  75. 75.

    FORCE11 homepage: http://www.force11.org.

  76. 76.

    The Future of Research Communication Dagstuhl Workshop: http://www.dagstuhl.de/de/programm/kalender/semhp/?semnr=11331.

  77. 77.

    The Beyond Impact Workshop: http://beyond-impact.org/

  78. 78.

    Beyond Impact Workshop Report: http://docs.google.com/document/d/1sH3JOW5Luki4i37Ve1mOnI2wNZJbaUOx1T42S_7txQ0/edit?hl=en_GB.

  79. 79.

    Semantic Web Journal: http://www.semantic-web-journal.net.

  80. 80.

    New Models of Semantic Publishing in Science: http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/blog/special-issue-new-models-semantic-publishing-science.

  81. 81.

    Special issue of the Journal of Web Semantics on Life Science and e-Science: http://journalofwebsemantics.blogspot.it/2013/03/cfp-special-issue-on-life-science-and-e.html.

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    Silvio Peroni

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Peroni, S. (2014). The Digital Publishing Revolution. In: Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly Publishing. Law, Governance and Technology Series, vol 15. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04777-5_2

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