Abstract
Wireless visual sensor networks (VSNs) are expected to play a major role in future IEEE 802.15.4 personal area networks (PAN) under recently-established collision-free medium access control (MAC) protocols. In such environments, the trade-off between the number of camera sensors to deploy (spatial coverage) and the frame rate to use for each camera sensor (temporal coverage) plays a major role in the VSN energy consumption. In this paper, we address this aspect for single-hop VSNs, i.e. networks comprising independent and identical wireless visual sensor nodes connected to a collection node via a star topology. We derive analytic results for the energy-optimal spatio-temporal coverage parameters of such VSNs under a-priori known bounds for the minimum frame rate per sensor and the minimum and maximum possible number of nodes to deploy. Our results are parametric to the probability density function characterizing the data-production rate per node and the energy consumption parameters of the system of interest. Experimental results using TelosB motes under: a collision-free transmission protocol, the IEEE 802.15.4 PAN physical layer (CC2420 transceiver) and Monte-Carlo–generated data sets, reveal that our analytic results are within 7% of the energy consumption measurements for a wide range of settings. In addition, results obtained via a multimedia subsystem performing visual feature extraction in video frames show that the optimal spatio-temporal settings derived by the proposed framework allow for up to 48% of reduction of energy consumption in comparison to ad-hoc settings. As such, our analytic modeling is useful for early-stage studies of possible VSN deployments under collision-free MAC protocols prior to costly and time-consuming experiments in the field.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Lu, G., Krishnamachari, B., Raghavendra, C.: Performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.15.4 mac for low-rate low-power wireless networks. In: IEEE Internat. Conf. on Perform., Comp., and Comm., pp. 701–706. IEEE (2004)
Chen, P., et al.: CITRIC: A low-bandwidth wireless camera network platform. In: ACM/IEEE Int. Conf. on Distrib. Smart Cam., ICDSC, September, pp. 1–10
Charfi, Y., Canada, B.: Challenging issues in visual sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Comm. 16(2), 44–49 (2009)
Bachir, A., et al.: MAC essentials for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Comm. Surv. Tut. 12(2), 222–248 (2010)
Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M.: Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Gen. Comp. Syst. J. 29(7), 1645–1660 (2013)
Buranapanichkit, D., Andreopoulos, Y.: Distributed time-frequency division multiple access protocol for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Comm. Letters 1(5), 440–443 (2012)
Kwon, Y., Shin, D.: The security monitoring system using IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol and CMOS Image Sensor. In: Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. on New Trends in Inf. and Serv. Sci., NISS 2009, pp. 1197–1202. IEEE (2009)
Koubâa, A., Alves, M., Tovar, E.: GTS allocation analysis in IEEE 802.15.4 for real-time wireless sensor networks. In: IEEE Proc. Internat. Par. and Distrib. Process. Symp., IPDPS, p. 8. IEEE (2006)
Rosten, E., Porter, R., Drummond, T.: FASTER and better: A machine learning approach to corner detection. In: IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. and Machine Intel., vol. 32, pp. 105–119 (2010), http://lanl.arXiv.org/pdf/0810.2434
Park, J.-S., Kim, H.-E., Kim, L.-S.: A 182mW 94.3 fps in full HD pattern-matching based image recognition accelerator for embedded vision system in 0.13 um CMOS technology. IEEE Trans. on Circ. and Syst. for Video Technol. 23(5), 832–845 (2013)
Park, K.: On the relationship between file sizes, transport protocols, and self-similar network traffic. In: Proc. IEEE Internat. Conf. on Network Protocols, ICNP, pp. 171–180 (1996)
Rachmadi, M., et al.: Adaptive traffic signal control system using camera sensor and embedded system. In: TENCON 2011 - 2011 IEEE Region 10 Conf., pp. 1261–1265. IEEE (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Redondi, A., Buranapanichkit, D., Cesana, M., Tagliasacchi, M., Andreopoulos, Y. (2014). Energy Consumption of Visual Sensor Networks: Impact of Spatio-Temporal Coverage Based on Single-Hop Topologies. In: Krishnamachari, B., Murphy, A.L., Trigoni, N. (eds) Wireless Sensor Networks. EWSN 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8354. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04651-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04651-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-04650-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-04651-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)