Abstract
This book on risk and security is an example for the new role of mathematical modeling in science. In Newtonian times, mathematical models were mainly applied to physics and astronomy (e.g., planetary systems) as definitive mappings of reality. They aimed at explanations of past events and predictions of future events. Models and theories were empirically corroborated or falsified by observations, measurements and lab experiments. Mathematical predictions were reduced to uniquely determined solutions of equations and the strong belief in one model as mapping of reality. In probabilistic models, extreme events were underestimated as improbable risks according to normal distribution. The adjective “normal” indicates the problematic assumption that the Gaussian curve indicates a kind of “natural” distribution of risks ignoring the fat tails of extreme events. The remaining risks are trivialized. The last financial crisis as well as the nuclear disaster in Japan are examples of extreme events which need new approaches of modeling.
Mathematical models are interdisciplinary tools used in natural and engineering sciences as well as in financial, economic and social sciences. Is there a universal methodology for turbulence and the emergence of risks in nature and financial markets? Risks which cannot be reduced to single causes, but emerge from complex interactions in the whole system, are called systemic risk. They play a dominant role in a globalized world. What is the difference between microscopic interactions of molecules and microeconomic behavior of people? Obviously, we cannot do experiments with people and markets in labs. Here, the new role of computer simulations and data mining comes in.
These models are mainly stochastic and probabilistic and can no longer be considered as definitive mappings of reality. The reason is that, for example, a financial crisis cannot be predicted like a planetary position. With this methodic misunderstanding, the political public blamed financial mathematics for failing anticipations. Actually, probabilistic models should serve as stress tests. Model ambiguity does not allow to distinguish a single model as definitive mapping of reality. We have to consider a whole class of possible stochastic models with different weights. In this way, we can overcome the old philosophical skepticism against mathematical predictions from David Hume to Nassim Taleb. They are right in their skepticism against classical axiomatization of human rationality. But they forget the extreme usefulness of robust stochastic tools if they are used with sensibility for the permanent model ambiguity. It is the task of philosophy of science to evaluate risk modeling and to consider their interdisciplinary possibilities and limits.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Selected Bibliography
H.-J. Bungartz, S. Zimmer, M. Buchholz, D. Pflüger, Modellbildung und Simulation. Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung (Springer, Berlin, 2009)
P. Embrechts, C. Klüppelberg, T. Mikosch, Modeling Extremal Events for Insurance and Finance, 4th edn. (Springer, Berlin, 2003)
H. Föllmer, A. Schied, Stochastic Finance. An Introduction into Discrete Time, 2nd edn. (De Gruyter, Berlin, 2004)
R. Frydman, M.D. Goldberg, Imperfect Knowledge Economics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2007)
N. Gershenfeld, The Nature of Mathematical Modeling (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998)
D. Kaplan, L. Glass, Understanding Nonlinear Dynamics (Springer, New York, 1995)
K. Mainzer, Thinking in Complexity. The Computational Dynamics of Matter, Mind, and Mankind, 5th edn. (Springer, Berlin, 2007)
K. Mainzer, Der kreative Zufall. Wie das Neue in die Welt kommt (C.H. Beck Verlag, München, 2007)
K. Mainzer, Komplexität (UTB-Profile, Paderborn, 2008)
B.B. Mandelbrot, R.L. Hudson, The (mis) Behavior of Markets. A Fractal View of Risk, Ruin, and Reward (Basic Books, New York, 2004)
K.R. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (Routledge, London, 1959)
N.N. Taleb, The Black Swan—The Impact of the Highly Improbable (Random House, New York, 2007)
W. Weidlich, Sociodynamics. A Systematic Approach to Mathematical Modeling in the Social Sciences (Taylor and Francis, London, 2002)
X.-S. Yang, Mathematical Modeling for Earth Sciences (Dudedin Academic, Edinburg, 2008)
Additional Literature
M. Aoki, H. Yoshikawa, Reconstructing Macroeconomics—A Perspective from Statistical Physics and Combinatorical Stochastic Processes (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007)
P. Artzner, F. Delbaen, J.-M. Eber, D. Heath, Coherent measures of risk. Math. Finance 9(3), 203–228 (1999)
L. Bachelier, Théorie de la spéculation. Dissertation. Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Super. 17, 21–86 (1900)
F. Black, M. Scholes, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. J. Polit. Econ. 81, 637–654 (1973)
D. Colander, H. Föllmer, A. Haas, M. Goldberg, K. Juselius, A. Kirman, T. Lux, B. Sloth, The financial crisis and the systemic failure of academic economics. Discussion Papers 09-03, Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, 2008
R. Cont, Model uncertainty and its impact on the pricing of derivative instruments. Math. Finance 16, 519–542 (2006)
J. Danielsson, P. Embrects, C. Goodhart, C. Keating, F. Muennich, O. Renault, H. Song Shin, An academic response to Basel II. Special paper series No. 130, LSE Financial Markets Group, ESRC Research Centre, May 2001
K. Detlefsen, G. Scandolo, Conditional and dynamic convex risk measures. Finance Stoch. 9(4), 539–561 (2005)
E. Fehr, Neuroeconomics. Decision Making and the Brain (Academic Press, Waltham, 2008)
H. Föllmer, A. Schied, Convex and coherent risk measures. Working paper, Institute for Mathematics, Humboldt-University Berlin, October 2008
R. Frydman, M.D. Goldberg, Macroeconomic theory for a world of imperfect knowledge. Capital. Soc. 3(3), 1–76 (2008)
R.M. Goodwin, Chaotic Economic Dynamics (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990)
A. Greenspan, We will never have a perfect model of risk. Financial Time (17 March 2008)
I. Hacking, An Introduction to Induction and Probability (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001)
F.A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1948)
F.A. Hayek, The pretence of knowledge, Nobel Lecture 1974, in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics, and History of Ideas (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1978)
D. Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Havard Classics, vol. 37 (Collier, New York, 1910)
International Monetary Fund, Global financial stability report: responding to the financial crisis and measuring systemic risk. Washington, April 2009
J.M. Kleeberg, C. Schlenger, Value-at-risk im asset management, in Handbuch Risikomanagement, ed. by L. Johannig, B. Rudolph (Uhlenbruch-Verlag, Bad Soden, 2000), pp. 973–1014
F. Knights, Risk, uncertainty, and profit. Ph.D., Yale, 1921
H.-W. Lorenz, Nonlinear Dynamical Economics and Chaotic Motion (Springer, Berlin, 1989)
A.J. Lotka, Elements of Mathematical Biology (Dover, New York, 1956). Reprint of the first publication 1924
T. Lux, F. Westerhoff, Economics crisis. Nat. Phys. 5, 2–3 (2009)
F. Maccheroni, M. Marinaci, A. Rustichini, Ambiguity aversion, robustness, and the variational representation of preferences. Econometrica 74, 1447–1498 (2006)
K. Mainzer (ed.), Complexity. European Review, vol. 17 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009)
K. Mainzer, Challenges of complexity in economics. Evol. Inst. Econ. Rev., Jpn. Assoc. Evol. Econ. 6(1), 1–22 (2009)
B.B. Mandelbrot, Multifractals and 1/f Noise: Wild-Self-Affinity in Physics (Springer, New York, 1999)
R.N. Mantegna, H.E. Stanley, An Introduction to Econophysics. Correlations and Complexity in Finance (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000)
H.H. Markowitz, Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1959)
C. Marrison, The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement (McGraw Hill, New York, 2002)
J.L. McCauley, Dynamics of Markets. Econophysics and Finance (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004)
M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge. Towards a Post Critical Philosophy (Routledge, London, 1998)
K. Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (Routledge, London, 1957)
F. Riedel, Dynamic convex risk measures: time consistency, robustness, and the variational representation of preferences. Econometrica 74, 1447–1498 (2006)
J.A. Scheinkman, Nonlinearities in economic dynamics. Econ. J., Suppl. 100(400), 33–47 (1990)
J.A. Scheinkman, M. Woodford, Self-organized criticality and economic fluctuations. Am. Econ. Rev. 417–421 (2001)
W.F. Sharpe, Capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. J. Finance 19, 425–442 (1964)
H.W. Sinn, Kasino-Kapitalismus (Ullstein-Verlag, Berlin, 2010)
R.M. Stutz, Was Risikomanager falsch machen. Harvard Bus. Manag. April, 67–75 (2009)
L. Turner, The turner review. A regulatory response to the global banking crisis. The Financial Services Authority, 25 The North Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London E14 5HS, March 2009
M. York (ed.), Aspects of Mathematical Finance (Springer, Berlin, 2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mainzer, K. (2014). The New Role of Mathematical Risk Modeling and Its Importance for Society. In: Klüppelberg, C., Straub, D., Welpe, I. (eds) Risk - A Multidisciplinary Introduction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04486-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04486-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-04485-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-04486-6
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)