Addendum

Abstract

Knudson [306] proposed a comprehensive model of attention that recognized the role of certain subcortical structures and implicit processes in decision-making behavior. Within that model, the guidance of working memory and the modulation of the strength of neural signals necessary to make choices and decisions remained a process under neocortical control. Despite input from underlying brain systems which operate implicitly, the proposal was based upon top-down volitional control. This is just one illustration of the persistent, perseverative focus on the role of the neocortex in human cognition. A significant body of neuroscientific evidence has emerged to challenge this type of cortico-centric viewpoint. Koziol and Budding [307] were arguably the first to integrate a substantive literature which emphasized the critical importance of subcortical structures in cognition, examining both explicit and implicit processes. That manuscript, which was primarily written for the practicing clinical neuropsychologist, focused upon the vertical organization of the brain. Implications for neuropsychological assessment were reviewed. Neuropsychological evaluation procedures and interpretative strategies were proposed. Volumes I and II of this current series on “the vertically organized brain” are essentially an update of the original 2009 manuscript. Since the submission and acceptance of Volume II in the late summer and mid-fall of 2013, considerable influential neuroscientific literature has emerged. Although this addendum was written to cover these relevant data points, the author readily admits that new findings are developing so rapidly that any review can no longer be considered “comprehensive.” Instead, all conclusions represent “interim” solutions. This addendum focuses only upon the literature published within the past few months to support, expand upon and further summarize the “conclusions” offered in the first two volumes of this series. However, since this new literature opened-up other related areas of investigation, a small handful of references available previously were included to illustrate and integrate certain critical points. This postscript is organized from the perspective of “bottom-up” phylogenetic development which captures the essence of the initial approach taken in 2009, and which is evident in Volume II.

“Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.”—John F. Kennedy

“In times of rapid change, experience could be your worst enemy.”—J. Paul Getty