Skip to main content

Esophageal Cancer: Surgical Treatment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Esophageal Diseases

Abstract

Treatment approaches varies according to the stage of esophageal cancer and the majority of patients present with advanced disease. Despite being a challenging surgical procedure, historically associated with high morbidity and mortality, esophagectomy remains a central treatment component in patients with early-stage and loco regional esophageal cancer. This chapter describes the indications for esophagectomy, with an emphasis of the technical aspects of the surgical approaches available, common post-operative complications and outcomes following esophagectomy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):10–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. D’Amico TA. Outcomes after surgery for esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2007;1(5):188–96.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Varghese Jr TK, Wood DE, Farjah F, Oelschlager BK, Symons RG, MacLeod KE, et al. Variation in esophagectomy outcomes in hospitals meeting Leapfrog volume outcome standards. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(4):1003–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ajani JA, Barthel JS, Bekaii-Saab T, Bentrem DJ, D’Amico TA, Fuchs CS, et al. Esophageal cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2008;6(9):818–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Low DE. Evolution in surgical management of esophageal cancer. Dig Dis. 2013;31(1):21–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kohn GP, Galanko JA, Meyers MO, Feins RH, Farrell TM. National trends in esophageal surgery – are outcomes as good as we believe? J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13(11):1900–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Potential benefits of the new Leapfrog standards: effect of process and outcomes measures. Surgery. 2004;135(6):569–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, Stukel TA, Lucas FL, Batista I, et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(15):1128–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Markar SR, Karthikesalingam A, Thrumurthy S, Low DE. Volume-outcome relationship in surgery for esophageal malignancy: systematic review and meta-analysis 2000–2011. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16(5):1055–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Derogar M, Orsini N, Sadr-Azodi O, Lagergren P. Influence of major postoperative complications on health-related quality of life among long-term survivors of esophageal cancer surgery. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(14):1615–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Moraca RJ, Low DE. Outcomes and health-related quality of life after esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal cancer. Arch Surg. 2006;141(6):545–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Parameswaran R, McNair A, Avery KN, Berrisford RG, Wajed SA, Sprangers MA, et al. The role of health-related quality of life outcomes in clinical decision making in surgery for esophageal cancer: a systematic review. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(9):2372–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pech O, Manner H, Ell C. Endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2011;21(1):81–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rice TW, Mason DP, Murthy SC, Zuccaro Jr G, Adelstein DJ, Rybicki LA, et al. T2N0M0 esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133(2):317–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Orringer MB, Marshall B, Chang AC, Lee J, Pickens A, Lau CL. Two thousand transhiatal esophagectomies: changing trends, lessons learned. Ann Surg. 2007;246(3):363–72.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hulscher JB, van Lanschot JJ. Individualised surgical treatment of patients with an adenocarcinoma of the distal oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction. Dig Surg. 2005;22(3):130–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, de Boer AG, Wijnhoven BP, Tijssen JG, Fockens P, et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(21):1662–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Boone J, Livestro DP, Elias SG, Borel Rinkes IH, van Hillegersberg R. International survey on esophageal cancer: part I surgical techniques. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22(3):195–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hoppo T, Jobe BA, Hunter JG. Minimally invasive esophagectomy: the evolution and technique of minimally invasive surgery for esophageal cancer. World J Surg. 2011;35(7):1454–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Luketich JD, Schauer PR, Christie NA, Weigel TL, Raja S, Fernando HC, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70(3):906–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Singh RK, Pham TH, Diggs BS, Perkins S, Hunter JG. Minimally invasive esophagectomy provides equivalent oncologic outcomes to open esophagectomy for locally advanced (stage II or III) esophageal carcinoma. Arch Surg. 2011;146(6):711–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Murakami M, Kuroda Y, Okamoto Y, Kono K, Yoden E, Kusumi F, et al. Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by definitive high-dose radiotherapy or surgery for operable thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40(5):1049–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chiu PW, Chan AC, Leung SF, Leong HT, Kwong KH, Li MK, et al. Multicenter prospective randomized trial comparing standard esophagectomy with chemoradiotherapy for treatment of squamous esophageal cancer: early results from the Chinese University Research Group for Esophageal Cancer (CURE). J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(6):794–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Smithers BM, Cullinan M, Thomas JM, Martin I, Barbour AP, Burmeister BH, et al. Outcomes from salvage esophagectomy post definitive chemoradiotherapy compared with resection following preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Dis Esophagus. 2007;20(6):471–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Swisher SG, Wynn P, Putnam JB, Mosheim MB, Correa AM, Komaki RR, et al. Salvage esophagectomy for recurrent tumors after definitive chemotherapy and radiotherapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123(1):175–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Marks J, Rice DC, Swisher SG. Salvage esophagectomy in the management of recurrent or persistent esophageal carcinoma. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23(4):559–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Markar SR, Karthikesalingam A, Penna M, Low DE. Assessment of short-term clinical outcomes following salvage esophagectomy for the treatment of esophageal malignancy: systematic review and pooled analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014:21(3):922–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Schwarz RE, Smith DD. Clinical impact of lymphadenectomy extent in resectable esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(11):1384–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Groth SS, Virnig BA, Whitson BA, DeFor TE, Li ZZ, Tuttle TM, et al. Determination of the minimum number of lymph nodes to examine to maximize survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma: data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139(3):612–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Peyre CG, Hagen JA, Demeester SR, Altorki NK, Ancona E, Griffin SM, et al. The number of lymph nodes removed predicts survival in esophageal cancer: an international study on the impact of extent of surgical resection. Ann Surg. 2008;248(4):549–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rizk NP, Ishwaran H, Rice TW, Chen LQ, Schipper PH, Kesler KA, et al. Optimum lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Surg. 2010;251(1):46–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Omloo JM, Lagarde SM, Hulscher JB, Reitsma JB, Fockens P, van Dekken H, et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the mid/distal esophagus: five-year survival of a randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246(6):992–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nishihira T, Hirayama K, Mori S. A prospective randomized trial of extended cervical and superior mediastinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Am J Surg. 1998;175(1):47–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Law S, Wong J. What is appropriate treatment for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus? World J Surg. 2001;25(2):189–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Barbour AP, Rizk NP, Gonen M, Tang L, Bains MS, Rusch VW, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction: influence of esophageal resection margin and operative approach on outcome. Ann Surg. 2007;246(1):1–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Casson AG, Darnton SJ, Subramanian S, Hiller L. What is the optimal distal resection margin for esophageal carcinoma? Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69(1):205–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tsutsui S, Kuwano H, Watanabe M, Kitamura M, Sugimachi K. Resection margin for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg. 1995;222(2):193–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tam PC, Siu KF, Cheung HC, Ma L, Wong J. Local recurrences after subtotal esophagectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg. 1987;205(2):189–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Khan OA, Cruttenden-Wood D, Toh SK. Is an involved circumferential resection margin following oesphagectomy for cancer an important prognostic indicator? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;11(5):645–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pultrum BB, Honing J, Smit JK, van Dullemen HM, Van Dam GM, Groen H, et al. A critical appraisal of circumferential resection margins in esophageal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(3):812–20.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dexter SP, Sue-Ling H, McMahon MJ, Quirke P, Mapstone N, Martin IG. Circumferential resection margin involvement: an independent predictor of survival following surgery for oesophageal cancer. Gut. 2001;48(5):667–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Deeter M, Dorer R, Kuppusamy MK, Koehler RP, Low DE. Assessment of criteria and clinical significance of circumferential resection margins in esophageal cancer. Arch Surg. 2009;144(7):618–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Urschel JD, Blewett CJ, Young JE, Miller JD, Bennett WF. Pyloric drainage (pyloroplasty) or no drainage in gastric reconstruction after esophagectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dig Surg. 2002;19(3):160–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kent MS, Pennathur A, Fabian T, McKelvey A, Schuchert MJ, Luketich JD, et al. A pilot study of botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying following esophagectomy. Surg Endosc. 2007;21(5):754–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Martin JT, Federico JA, McKelvey AA, Kent MS, Fabian T. Prevention of delayed gastric emptying after esophagectomy: a single center’s experience with botulinum toxin. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(6):1708–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sebastian JJ, Pena E, Blas JM, Cena G, Diez M. Management of gastric outlet obstruction after esophagectomy using forced pyloric dilation. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2008;100(9):594–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Blackmon SH, Correa AM, Skoracki R, Chevray PM, Kim MP, Mehran RJ, et al. Supercharged pedicled jejunal interposition for esophageal replacement: a 10-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(4):1104–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gutschow CA, Schroder W, Wolfgarten E, Holscher AH. Merendino procedure with preservation of the vagus for early carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. Zentralbl Chir. 2004;129(4):276–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Staiger WI, Ronellenfitsch U, Kaehler G, Schildhaus HU, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Schwarzbach MH, et al. The Merendino procedure following preoperative imatinib mesylate for locally advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the esophagogastric junction. World J Surg Oncol. 2008;6:37.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Holscher AH, Vallbohmer D, Gutschow C, Bollschweiler E. Reflux esophagitis, high-grade neoplasia, and early Barrett’s carcinoma-what is the place of the Merendino procedure? Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2009;394(3):417–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Pring C, Dexter S. A laparoscopic vagus-preserving Merendino procedure for early esophageal adenocarcinoma. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(5):1195–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Biere SS, Maas KW, Cuesta MA, van der Peet DL. Cervical or thoracic anastomosis after esophagectomy for cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Surg. 2011;28(1):29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hsu HH, Chen JS, Huang PM, Lee JM, Lee YC. Comparison of manual and mechanical cervical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophageal resection for squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;25(6):1097–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Honda M, Kuriyama A, Noma H, Nunobe S, Furukawa TA. Hand-sewn versus mechanical esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013;257(2):238–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Orringer MB, Marshall B, Iannettoni MD. Eliminating the cervical esophagogastric anastomotic leak with a side-to-side stapled anastomosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;119(2):277–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Collard JM, Romagnoli R, Goncette L, Otte JB, Kestens PJ. Terminalized semimechanical side-to-side suture technique for cervical esophagogastrostomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(3):814–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang WP, Gao Q, Wang KN, Shi H, Chen LQ. A prospective randomized controlled trial of semi-mechanical versus hand-sewn or circular stapled esophagogastrostomy for prevention of anastomotic stricture. World J Surg. 2013;37(5):1043–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bailey SH, Bull DA, Harpole DH, Rentz JJ, Neumayer LA, Pappas TN, et al. Outcomes after esophagectomy: a ten-year prospective cohort. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75(1):217–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Low DE, Bodnar A. Update on clinical impact, documentation, and management of complications associated with esophagectomy. Thorac Surg Clin. 2013;23(4):535–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bakhos CT, Fabian T, Oyasiji TO, Gautam S, Gangadharan SP, Kent MS, et al. Impact of the surgical technique on pulmonary morbidity after esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(1):221–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hii MW, Smithers BM, Gotley DC, Thomas JM, Thomson I, Martin I, et al. Impact of postoperative morbidity on long-term survival after oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 2013;100(1):95–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ferri LE, Law S, Wong KH, Kwok KF, Wong J. The influence of technical complications on postoperative outcome and survival after esophagectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13(4):557–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Law S, Wong KH, Kwok KF, Chu KM, Wong J. Predictive factors for postoperative pulmonary complications and mortality after esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Surg. 2004;240(5):791–800.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tsui SL, Law S, Fok M, Lo JR, Ho E, Yang J, et al. Postoperative analgesia reduces mortality and morbidity after esophagectomy. Am J Surg. 1997;173(6):472–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Dumont P, Wihlm JM, Hentz JG, Roeslin N, Lion R, Morand G. Respiratory complications after surgical treatment of esophageal cancer. A study of 309 patients according to the type of resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1995;9(10):539–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kita T, Mammoto T, Kishi Y. Fluid management and postoperative respiratory disturbances in patients with transthoracic esophagectomy for carcinoma. J Clin Anesth. 2002;14(4):252–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Atkins BZ, Shah AS, Hutcheson KA, Mangum JH, Pappas TN, Harpole Jr DH, et al. Reducing hospital morbidity and mortality following esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(4):1170–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Carrott PW, Markar SR, Kuppusamy MK, Traverso LW, Low DE. Accordion severity grading system: assessment of relationship between costs, length of hospital stay, and survival in patients with complications after esophagectomy for cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215(3):331–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rao VP, Addae-Boateng E, Barua A, Martin-Ucar AE, Duffy JP. Age and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy increase the risk of atrial fibrillation following oesophagectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;42(3):438–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Stawicki SP, Prosciak MP, Gerlach AT, Bloomston M, Davido HT, Lindsey DE, et al. Atrial fibrillation after esophagectomy: an indicator of postoperative morbidity. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;59(6):399–405.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Murthy SC, Law S, Whooley BP, Alexandrou A, Chu KM, Wong J. Atrial fibrillation after esophagectomy is a marker for postoperative morbidity and mortality. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126(4):1162–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tisdale JE, Wroblewski HA, Wall DS, Rieger KM, Hammoud ZT, Young JV, et al. A randomized, controlled study of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(1):45–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Turaga KK, Shah KU, Neill EO, Mittal SK. Does laparoscopic surgery decrease the risk of atrial fibrillation after foregut surgery? Surg Endosc. 2009;23(1):204–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sarela AI, Tolan DJ, Harris K, Dexter SP, Sue-Ling HM. Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy for cancer: a mortality-free experience. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(3):516–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rizk NP, Bach PB, Schrag D, Bains MS, Turnbull AD, Karpeh M, et al. The impact of complications on outcomes after resection for esophageal and gastroesophageal junction carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2004;198(1):42–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Viklund P, Lindblad M, Lagergren J. Influence of surgery-related factors on quality of life after esophageal or cardia cancer resection. World J Surg. 2005;29(7):841–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lerut T, Moons J, Coosemans W, Van RD, De LP, Decaluwe H, et al. Postoperative complications after transthoracic esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction are correlated with early cancer recurrence: role of systematic grading of complications using the modified Clavien classification. Ann Surg. 2009;250(5):798–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. van Lanschot JJ, Hulscher JB, Buskens CJ, Tilanus HW, ten Kate FJ, Obertop H. Hospital volume and hospital mortality for esophagectomy. Cancer. 2001;91(8):1574–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Zehr KJ, Dawson PB, Yang SC, Heitmiller RF. Standardized clinical care pathways for major thoracic cases reduce hospital costs. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(3):914–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Low DE, Kunz S, Schembre D, Otero H, Malpass T, Hsi A, et al. Esophagectomy – it’s not just about mortality anymore: standardized perioperative clinical pathways improve outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(11):1395–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Parameswaran R, Blazeby JM, Hughes R, Mitchell K, Berrisford RG, Wajed SA. Health-related quality of life after minimally invasive oesophagectomy. Br J Surg. 2010;97(4):525–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Donald E. Low FACS, FRCS(c), FRCSI (Hon.) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schmidt, H.M., Low, D.E. (2014). Esophageal Cancer: Surgical Treatment. In: Fisichella, P., Allaix, M., Morino, M., Patti, M. (eds) Esophageal Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04337-1_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04337-1_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-04336-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-04337-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics