Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Esophageal Cancer: Evaluation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Esophageal Diseases

Abstract

In recent years esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence increased rapidly and esophageal cancer is now the seventh leading cause of all cancer-related deaths. Over the last decades treatment approaches for esophageal cancer have evolved, with esophagectomy remaining a central component in the curative treatment of resectable esophageal cancer. Esophagectomy is a demanding procedure and with the availability of a wide variety of treatment regimes, accurate staging and evaluation became even more important. The management of patients is determined by patients physiology as well as tumor histology, location and clinical stage. This chapter describes a complete evaluation of esophageal cancer patients, including physiologic work-up, clinical staging modalities and treatment decision making.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(4):220–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lagergren J. Adenocarcinoma of oesophagus: what exactly is the size of the problem and who is at risk? Gut. 2005;54 Suppl 1:i1–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Brown LM, Hoover R, Silverman D, Baris D, Hayes R, Swanson GM, et al. Excess incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among US Black men: role of social class and other risk factors. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(2):114–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Shaheen N, Ransohoff DF. Gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal cancer: clinical applications. JAMA. 2002;287(15):1982–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pohl H, Wrobel K, Bojarski C, Voderholzer W, Sonnenberg A, Rosch T, et al. Risk factors in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(2):200–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Siewert JR, Stein HJ. Classification of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Br J Surg. 1998;85(11):1457–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Markar SR, Low DE. Physiology, not chronology, dictates outcomes after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: outcomes in patients 80 years and older. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(3):1020–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Moskovitz AH, Rizk NP, Venkatraman E, Bains MS, Flores RM, Park BJ, et al. Mortality increases for octogenarians undergoing esophagogastrectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(6):2031–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cijs TM, Verhoef C, Steyerberg EW, Koppert LB, Tran TC, Wijnhoven BP, et al. Outcome of esophagectomy for cancer in elderly patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90(3):900–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Law S, Wong KH, Kwok KF, Chu KM, Wong J. Predictive factors for postoperative pulmonary complications and mortality after esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Surg. 2004;240(5):791–800.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kuwano H, Sumiyoshi K, Sonoda K, Kitamura K, Tsutsui S, Toh Y, et al. Relationship between preoperative assessment of organ function and postoperative morbidity in patients with oesophageal cancer. Eur J Surg. 1998;164(8):581–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zingg U, Smithers BM, Gotley DC, Smith G, Aly A, Clough A, et al. Factors associated with postoperative pulmonary morbidity after esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(5):1460–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Murthy SC, Law S, Whooley BP, Alexandrou A, Chu KM, Wong J. Atrial fibrillation after esophagectomy is a marker for postoperative morbidity and mortality. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126(4):1162–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Eagle KA, Berger PB, Calkins H, Chaitman BR, Ewy GA, Fleischmann KE, et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery–executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(3):542–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tisdale JE, Wroblewski HA, Wall DS, Rieger KM, Hammoud ZT, Young JV, et al. A randomized, controlled study of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(1):45–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tisdale JE, Wroblewski HA, Kesler KA. Prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation after noncardiac thoracic surgery. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;22(4):310–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof E, Fleischmann KE, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guideline update on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery: focused update on perioperative beta-blocker therapy: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery) developed in collaboration with the American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(11):2343–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bollschweiler E, Herbold T, Plum P, Holscher AH. Prognostic relevance of nutritional status in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2013;13(3):275–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lopes TL, Eloubeidi MA. A pilot study of fully covered self-expandable metal stents prior to neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2010;23(4):309–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Siddiqui AA, Sarkar A, Beltz S, Lewis J, Loren D, Kowalski T, et al. Placement of fully covered self-expandable metal stents in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer before neoadjuvant therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(1):44–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. von Rahden BH, Stein HJ. Staging and treatment of advanced esophageal cancer. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005;21(4):472–7.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Morgan MA, Lewis WG, Hopper AN, Escofet X, Harvard TJ, Brewster AE, et al. Prognostic significance of body mass indices for patients undergoing esophagectomy for cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2007;20(1):29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(6):1471–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, Antillon D, Ibdah JA, Antillon MR. Staging accuracy of esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(10):1479–90.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Young PE, Gentry AB, Acosta RD, Greenwald BD, Riddle M. Endoscopic ultrasound does not accurately stage early adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia of the esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(12):1037–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Seerden TC, Larghi A. Staging of early adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2011;21(1):53–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rasanen JV, Sihvo EI, Knuuti MJ, Minn HR, Luostarinen ME, Laippala P, et al. Prospective analysis of accuracy of positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and endoscopic ultrasonography in staging of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction. Ann Surg Oncol. 2003;10(8):954–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kato H, Nakajima M. The efficacy of FDG-PET for the management of esophageal cancer: review article. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;18(5):412–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Prenzel KL, Holscher AH, Drebber U, Agavonova M, Gutschow CA, Bollschweiler E. Prognostic impact of nodal micrometastasis in early esophageal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012;38(4):314–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. van Vliet EP, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Hunink MG, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD. Staging investigations for oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(3):547–57.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Quint LE, Hepburn LM, Francis IR, Whyte RI, Orringer MB. Incidence and distribution of distant metastases from newly diagnosed esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 1995;76(7):1120–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Luketich JD, Friedman DM, Weigel TL, Meehan MA, Keenan RJ, Townsend DW, et al. Evaluation of distant metastases in esophageal cancer: 100 consecutive positron emission tomography scans. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68(4):1133–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. van Westreenen HL, Westerterp M, Bossuyt PM, Pruim J, Sloof GW, van Lanschot JJ, et al. Systematic review of the staging performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in esophageal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(18):3805–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Weber WA, Ott K. Imaging of esophageal and gastric cancer. Semin Oncol. 2004;31(4):530–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. van Westreenen HL, Plukker JT, Cobben DC, Verhoogt CJ, Groen H, Jager PL. Prognostic value of the standardized uptake value in esophageal cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(2):436–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Krasna MJ, Jiao X, Mao YS, Sonett J, Gamliel Z, Kwong K, et al. Thoracoscopy/laparoscopy in the staging of esophageal cancer: Maryland experience. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2002;12(4):213–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, Steyerberg EW, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BP, et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2074–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H, Leers J, Ell C, Holscher AH. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus at two high-volume centers. Ann Surg 2011;254(1):67–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pech O, May A, Manner H, Behrens A, Pohl J, Weferling M, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection for patients with mucosal adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology 2014;146(3):652–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Leers JM, DeMeester SR, Oezcelik A, Klipfel N, Ayazi S, Abate E, et al. The prevalence of lymph node metastases in patients with T1 esophageal adenocarcinoma a retrospective review of esophagectomy specimens. Ann Surg 2011;253(2):271–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bollschweiler E, Holscher AH. Early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus - clinical relevance of depth of infiltration into the submucosa. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9(3):277–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for General, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, 1100 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA

    Henner M. Schmidt MD & Donald E. Low FACS, FRCS(c), FRCSI (Hon.)

  2. Department of Thoracic Surgery and Thoracic Oncology, Director Esophageal Center of Excellence, Scientific Director Ryan Hill Research Fellowship, Digestive Disease Institute, Seattle, WA, USA

    Donald E. Low FACS, FRCS(c), FRCSI (Hon.)

Authors
  1. Henner M. Schmidt MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Donald E. Low FACS, FRCS(c), FRCSI (Hon.)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Donald E. Low FACS, FRCS(c), FRCSI (Hon.) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Boston Veteran Administration Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    P. Marco Fisichella

  2. Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Marco E. Allaix

  3. Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy

    Mario Morino

  4. Department of Surgery, Center for Esophageal Diseases, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Marco G. Patti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schmidt, H.M., Low, D.E. (2014). Esophageal Cancer: Evaluation. In: Fisichella, P., Allaix, M., Morino, M., Patti, M. (eds) Esophageal Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04337-1_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04337-1_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-04336-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-04337-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation