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Ultrasonic Waves Method for Interface Pressure Measurement: What is Acceptable Definition of Interface Pressure

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Thought-Evoking Approaches in Engineering Problems

Abstract

In the Ultrasonic Waves Method for Interface Pressure Measurement (UWM in Sound Pressure Domain), the characteristic features as the engineering problem differ considerably from those in other engineering problems. In the joint of dry condition, the measuring principle of UWM is based on the synergy effect of the joint elastic deflection and sound reflection characteristics at the joint surface. As a result, the performance of UWM depends largely upon the definition of the interface pressure for which we used to deal with the nominal interface pressure without any doubt so far. It is however emphasised that the interface pressure is one of uncertain attributes when considering the mechanism of Two Bodies-in-Contact as per the Theory of Bowden and Tabor. To be aware of such an important fact, thus, the present perspective of UWM will be especially described in this chapter after reviewing other measuring methods for the interface pressure. For further convenience, some applications of UWM to the industrial product will be also noted.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We have the same story in the design for the ultra-precision machine tool with hydrostatic guideway. At present, a facing issue is to reduce the capacitance derived from the oil itself and oil feed line so as to guarantee the preferable guiding accuracy. In a machine of advanced type not distant future, the next comer is the influence of the microbubble of air mingling in the oil; however, nearly all machine tool engineers don’t care of it.

  2. 2.

    In those of Pau et al., Geiger, and Dwyer-Joyce et al, water-immerse testing is employed. In principle, the liquid couplant benefits to reduce the unfavourable reflected echo; however, they may furthermore expect the ease of scanning of the transducer in the two-dimensional plane. In contrast, by using either solid (plastic) or liquid (Vaseline petroleum jelly) coupler, the transducer can travel on the solid surface without any trouble, although we must, at least, ground-finish the contact surface of the transducer. In addition, of course we need the skills to some extent, as exemplified by those of Ito and his colleagues [22]. It is, in principle, desirable to employ the coupler with less damping and higher transmittablity of the sound.

  3. 3.

    In those of Dwyer-Joyce and Pau, the joint is replaced with a virtual thin layer with stiffness per unit area, and the reflection ratio of sound pressure is modified. This concept appears as to be reliable; however, even the joint with boundary lubrication consists of the real contact area, surface layer and thin film including the microbubble of air. Importantly, such an entity has its own reflection ratio of sound pressure, and thus we must analyse the measuring principle of UWM in consideration of the essential feature of the joint itself. From the viewpoint of the natural rule, it is better to recall the measuring principle for the dry joint proposed by Ito. In retrospect, a single bolt-flange assembly is one of the representative applications of the axi-symmetrical three-dimensional elastic contact problem. A facing problem was to determine the spring constant of the flange to produce the connecting force diagramme. In the earlier stage, we replaced, without considering the physical meaning of the joint, the single bolt-flange assembly with the monolithic body and employed the tricky adjustment for the angle of pressure cone in the determination of the spring constant of the flange to a various extent. This induces certain bad repercussion influences to the theory of elasticity. The sound propagation theory with virtual thin layer is not acceptable apart from the joint with lubrication, and induces duly some problems similar to those in the single bolt-flange assembly so far experienced.

  4. 4.

    In accordance with those of Dwyer-Joyce and Pau, their theoretical background appears as to be derived from that of Tattersall; however, it is worth noting that Kendall and Tabor publicised such an idea in 1971, two years earlier to that of Tattershall. In fact, Kendall and Tabor proposed the idea of Stiffness of Interface, although their idea is far from the essential features of the joint in practice. In the Thought-evoking Approach to Engineering Problem, we must esteem the priority of the corresponding idea [27].

  5. 5.

    The technology transfer from author’s laboratory in Tokyo Institute of Technology in the past. Because of confidentiality, there have been no publicised reports.

  6. 6.

    In two bolts-flange of bay-type assembly, in which the connecting bolt is M10 in diameter and the interface pressure distributes concentric configuration, the integral of the interface pressure is within the difference of –25 to 10 % compared with its tightening force [12].

  7. 7.

    In general, the driving gear and pulley give the bending load to the driven spindle, and as a result the rotational accuracy of the spindle deteriorates considerably. The Floating Driving System is one of the prevailing design methods for the main spindle of the machine tool, so that such unfavourable influences of bending load should be minimised.

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  1. Professor Emeritus of Tokyo Institute of Technology, Park Tower Higashi-Totsuka 1502, Shinano-cho 537-20, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 244-0801, Japan

    Yoshimi Ito

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    Yoshimo Ito

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Ito, Y. (2014). Ultrasonic Waves Method for Interface Pressure Measurement: What is Acceptable Definition of Interface Pressure . In: Ito, Y. (eds) Thought-Evoking Approaches in Engineering Problems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04120-9_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04120-9_3

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