Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biotechnology Success Stories by the Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR) System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biotechnology in Africa

Part of the book series: Science Policy Reports ((SCIPOLICY,volume 7))

Abstract

The CGIAR (Consultative Groups for International Agricultural Research, www.cgiar.org) deploys agricultural biotechnology innovations to improve crops’ and livestock’s productivity and quality in Africa. CGIAR centers have played a pivotal role in kick-starting agbiotech among NARS partners in Africa through various contributions towards building human resource and infrastructure as well as providing access to genomic resources of major African crops and developing biotech varieties and associated biosafety regulatory systems. Genomic resources such as molecular markers, genetic linkage maps, transcriptome, annotated genome sequences, which are extremely valuable for molecular breeding were limited or non-existent for a large number of African staple crops until recently. Modern breeding schemes aimed at accelerating genetic gain, such as genome selection (GS), marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS), and marker-assisted back-crossing (MABC) are underway for many African crops. In an effort to deploy molecular breeding by NARS, genotyping services and Web-based Integrated Breeding Platform (IBP, https://www.integratedbreeding.net/) providing crop information and analytical tools to help design and conduct marker-assisted breeding experiments have been developed. With regard to plant protection, CGIAR centers have played a significant role in the development and application of molecular tools for the characterization, detection and diagnosis of disease causing agents through development of simple and accurate tools and procedures. Harnessing advances in biotechnology tools and increasing availability of genomes of pathogens and pests helped CGIAR centers and partners to address the complexity of pathogen diversity, germplasm evaluation, and monitoring of mycotoxins in food and feed samples as well as efficient assays for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. Genetic engineering has been applied to improvement of priority traits where conventional non-GM approaches have little promise. Several biotech products are now in the pipeline with anticipated release time in the coming few years. Examples include transgenic banana plants that have exhibited strong resistance to banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), Nematode resistant plantain, virus and weevil resistant sweetpotato, late blight resistant potato, and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) resistant cassava. Application of additional biotechnological tools such as doubled haploid technologies, next-generation sequencing based applications, and genome editing technologies are poised to further accelerate the impact of biotechnology in enhancing agricultural productivity in Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AATF:

African Agricultural Technology Foundation

AfricaRice:

Africa Rice Center

ALS:

Angular leaf spot

BCMNV:

Bean common mosaic necrotic virus

BCMV:

Bean common mosaic virus

BGYMV:

Bean golden yellow mosaic virus

BXW:

Bacterial Xanthomonas wilt

CAPS:

Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence

CBB:

Common bacterial blight

CBSD:

Cassava brown streak disease

CGIAR:

Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research

CIAT:

International Center for Tropical Agriculture

CIMMYT:

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

CIP:

International Potato Centre (Peru)

CMD:

Cassava mosaic virus

DTMA:

Drought-tolerant maize for Africa

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

GBS:

Genotyping by sequencing

GCP:

Generation Challenge Program (Mexico)

GSS:

Genotyping support services

GWS:

Genome-wide selection

HRAP:

Hypersensitive response-assisting protein

IBP:

Integrated breeding platform

ICRISAT:

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

IITA:

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

KARI:

Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

LAMP:

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification

MAB:

Marker assisted breeding

MABC:

Marker-assisted backcrossing

MARS:

Marker-assisted recurrent selection

MAS:

Marker-assisted selection

NARL:

National Agricultural Research Laboratory (Uganda)

NARO:

National Agricultural Research Organisation (Uganda)

NARS:

National agricultural research system

NERICA:

New Rice for Africa

NGS:

Next generation sequencing

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PFLP:

Plant ferredoxin-like protein

QTL:

Quantitative trait loci

R4D:

Research for development

RAPD:

Random amplified polymorphic DNA

RMC:

Red mottled advanced lines for the Caribbean

RYMV:

Rice yellow mottle virus

SCAR:

Sequence-characterized amplified region

SiRNA:

Small interfering RNA

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SSA:

Sub Saharan Africa

SSR:

Simple sequence repeat

TALEN:

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases

UCBSV:

Ugandan cassava brown streak virus

WEMA:

Water-efficient maize for Africa

References

  • Abang MM, Asiedu R, Hoffmann P, Wolf GA, Mignouna HD, Winter S (2006) Pathogenic and genetic variability among Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from different yam hosts in the agroecological zones in Nigeria. J Phytopathol 154:51–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agindotan BO, Thottappilly G, Uwaifo A, Winter S (2003) Production of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against a Nigerian isolate of banana streak virus. Afr J Biotechnol 2:171–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alabi OJ, Kumar PL, Naidu RA (2008) Multiplex PCR method for the detection of African cassava mosaic virus and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus in cassava. J Virol Methods 154:111–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albar L, Bangratz-Reyser M, Hebrard E, Ndjiondjop M-N, Jones M, Ghesquière A (2006) Mutations in the eIF(iso)4G translation initiation factor confer high resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus. Plant J 47:417–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee R, Gedil M, Sartie AM, Otto E, Dumet D, Kikuno H, Kumar PL, Asiedu R (2011) Dioscorea. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 71–96

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blair MW, Beaver JS, Nin JC, Prophete E, Singh SP (2006) Registration of PR9745–232 and RMC-3 red-mottled dry bean germplasm lines with resistance to bean golden yellow mosaic virus. Crop Sci 46:1000–1002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buhariwalla HK, Jarret RL, Jayashree B, Crouch JH, Ortiz R (2005) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Musa balbisiana (Primer Note). Mol Ecol Notes 5:327–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson DF, Fahrenkrug SC, Hackett PB (2012) Targeting DNA with fingers and TALENs. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 1(1):e3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cervantes-Flores JC, Sosinski B, Pecota KV, Mwanga RO, Catignani GL, Truong VD, Watkins RH, Ulmer MR, Yencho GC (2011) Identification of quantitative trait loci for dry-matter, starch, and β-carotene content in sweet potato. Mol Breed 28(2):201–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delannay XG, McLaren G, Ribaut JM (2012) Fostering molecular breeding in developing countries. Mol Breed 29:857–873

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devi KT, Mayo MA, Reddy KL, Delfosse P, Reddy G, Reddy SV, Reddy DVR (1999) Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies for aflatoxin B1. Lett Appl Microbiol 29:284–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson ME, Burow MD, Schultz S, Bramel P, Paterson AH, Kresovich S, Mitchell S (2004) Microsatellite identification and characterization in peanut (A. hypogaea L.). Theor Appl Genet 108(6):1064–1070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson M, Rabbi IY, Kim D, Gedil M, Lopez-Lavalle LA, Okogbenin E (2011) Molecular markers and their application to cassava breeding: past, present and future. Trop Plant Biol 5(1):95–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gedil M (2009) Tailoring bioinformatics for the genetic improvement of orphan crops. Afr Technol Dev Forum 6:34–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghislain M, Núnez J, del Rosario HM, Pignataro J, Guzman F, Bonierbale M, Spooner DM (2009) Robust and highly informative microsatellite-based genetic identity kit for potato. Mol Breed 23(3):377–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyten DL, Song Q, Fickus EW, Quigley CV, Lim JS, Choi IY, Hwang EY, Pastor-Corrales M, Cregan PB (2010) High-throughput SNP discovery and assay development in common bean. BMC Genomics 11:475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iftekharuddaula KM, Newaz MA, Salam MA, Ahmed HU, Mahbub MAA, Septiningsih EM, Collard BCY, Sanchez DL, Pamplona AM, Mackill DJ (2011) Rapid and high-precision marker assisted backcrossing to introgress the SUB1 QTL into BR11, the rainfed lowland rice mega variety of Bangladesh. Euphytica 178:83–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MP, Audebert A, Mande S, Aluko K (1997) Characterization and utilization of Oryza glaberrima Steud. in upland rice breeding. In: Jones MP, Dingkuhn M, Johnson DE, Fagade SO (eds) Interspecific hybridization: progress and prospects. Proceedings of the workshop: Africa/Asia Joint Research on Interspecific Hybridization between the Africa and Asian Rice Species (O. glaberrima and O. sativa). West Africa Rice Development Association, Bouaké, pp 43–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilian B, Graner A (2012) NGS technologies for analyzing germplasm diversity in genebanks. Brief Funct Genomics 2:38–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kreuze JF, Fuentes S, Muller M, Gutierrez DL, Boonham N, Fei Z (2013) Viral diagnostics: from continental viromes to field level diagnostic methods. In: Book of abstracts, the 12th international plant virus epidemiology symposium, IITA, Ibadan, p 60

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar PL, Sharma K, Boahen S, Tefera H, Tamo M (2011a) First report of soybean witches’-broom disease caused by group 16SrII phytoplasma in soybean in Malawi and Mozambique. Plant Dis 95:492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar PL, Hanna R, Alabi OJ, Soko MM, Oben TT, Vangu GHP, Naidu RA (2011b) Banana bunchy top virus in sub-Saharan Africa: investigations on virus distribution and diversity. Virus Res 159:171–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legg JP, Fauquet CM (2004) Cassava mosaic geminiviruses in Africa. Plant Mol Biol 56:585–599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legg JP, Jeremiah SC, Obiero HM, Maruthi MN, Ndyetabula I, Okao-Okuja G, Bouwmeester H, Bigirimana S, Tata-Hangy W, Gashaka G, Mkamilo G, Alicai T, Kumar PL (2011) Comparing the regional epidemiology of cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak virus pandemics in Africa. Virus Res 159:161–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Tacke E, Hofferbert HR, Lübeck J, Strahwald J, Draffehn AM, Walkemeier B, Gebhardt C (2013) Validation of candidate gene markers for marker-assisted selection of potato cultivars with improved tuber quality. Theor Appl Genet, 126:1039–1052

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebenberg MM, Mienie CMS, Pretorius ZA (2006) The occurrence of rust resistance gene Ur-13 in common bean cultivars and lines. Euphytica 150:365–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindhout P, Meijer D, Schotte T, Hutten RC, Visser RG, van Eck HJ (2011) Towards F1 hybrid seed potato breeding. Potato Res 54(4):301–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mba REC, Stephenson P, Edwards K, Melzer S, Nkumbira J, Gullberg U, Apel K, Gale M, Tohme J, Fregene M (2001) Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers survey of the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genome: towards an SSR-based molecular genetic map of cassava. Theor Appl Genet 102(1):21–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miklas PN, Kelly JD, Beebe SE, Blair MW (2006) Common bean breeding for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: from classical to MAS breeding. Euphytica 147:106–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mori K, Sakamoto Y, Mukojima N, Tamiya S, Nakao T, Ishii T, Hosaka K (2011) Development of a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of diagnostic DNA markers of five disease and pest resistance genes in potato. Euphytica 180(3):347–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mwanga ROM, Kriegner A, Cervantes-Flores JC, Zhang DP, Moyer JW, Yencho GC (2002) Resistance to sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus and sweetpotato feathery mottle virus is mediated by two separate recessive genes in sweetpotato. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 127:798–806

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwanga ROM, Ghislain M, Kreuze J, Ssemakula GN, Yencho C (2011) Exploiting the use of biotechnology in sweetpotato for improved nutrition and food security: progress and future outlook. In: Conference on agro-biotechnology, biosafety and seed systems in developing countries, Kampala, Uganda, p 25

    Google Scholar 

  • Naderpour M, Lund OS, Larsen R, Johansen E (2010) Potyviral resistance derived from cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris carrying bc-3 is associated with the homozygotic presence of a mutated eIF4E allele. Mol Plant Pathol 11:255–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naidu RA, Robinson DJ, Kimmins FM (1998) Detection of each of the causal agents of groundnut rosette disease in plants and vector aphids by RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 76:9–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Namukwaya B, Tripathi L, Tripathi JN, Arinaitwe G, Mukasa SB, Tushemereirwe WK (2012) Transgenic banana expressing Pflp gene confers enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas Wilt Disease. Transgenic Res 21:855–865

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narina SS, Buyyarapu R, Kottapalli KR, Sartie A, Ali MI, Robert A, Mignouna JDH, Sayre BL, Scheffler BE (2011) Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for marker development in yam (Dioscorea alata L.). BMC Genomics 12:100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odeny D, Jayashree B, Ferguson M, Hoisington D, Crouch J, Gebhardt C (2007) Development, characterisation and utilisation of microsatellite markers in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Plant Breed 126:130–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogwok E, Odipio J, Halsey M, Gaitan-Solis E, Bua A, Taylor NJ, Fauquet CM, Alicai T (2012) Transgenic RNA interference (RNAi)-derived field resistance to cassava brown streak disease. Mol Plant Pathol 13(9):1019–1031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okogbenin E, Porto MCM, Egesi C, Mba C, Espinosa E, Santos LG, Ospina C, Marín J, Barrera E, Gutiérrez J, Ekanayake I, Iglesias C, Fregene MA (2007) Marker-assisted introgression of resistance to cassava mosaic disease into Latin American germplasm for the genetic improvement of cassava in Africa. Crop Sci 47:1895–1904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega F, Lopez-Vizcon C (2012) Application of molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) for disease resistance in a practical potato breeding programme. Potato Res 55(1):1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravi M, Chan SWL (2010) Haploid plants produced by centromere-mediated genome elimination. Nature 464(7288):615–618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribaut JM, Ragot M (2007) Marker-assisted selection to improve drought adaptation in maize: the backcross approach, perspectives, limitations, and alternatives. J Exp Bot 58:351–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribaut JM, de Vicente MC, Delannay X (2010) Molecular breeding in developing countries: challenges and perspectives. Curr Opin Plant Biol 13:213–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribaut JM, Delannay X, McLaren G, Okono F (2012) Molecular breeding platforms in world agriculture. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology, vol 9. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 6692–6720

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Roderick H, Tripathi L, Babirye A, Wang D, Tripathi JN, Urwin PE, Atkinson HJ (2012) Generation of transgenic plantain (Musa spp.) with resistance to plant pathogenic nematodes. Mol Plant Pathol 13:842–851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafleitner R, Tincopa LR, Palomino O, Rossel G, Robles RF, Alagon R, Rivera C, Quispe C, Rojas L, Pacheco JA, Solis J, Cerna D, Kim JY, Hou J, Simon R (2010) A sweetpotato gene index established by de novo assembly of pyrosequencing and Sanger sequences and mining for gene-based microsatellite markers. BMC Genomics 11(1):604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semon M, Nielsen R, Jones MP, McCouch SR (2005) The population structure of African cultivated rice Oryza glaberrima (Steud): evidence for elevated levels of linkage disequilibrium caused by admixture with O. sativa and ecological adaptation. Genetics 169:1639–1647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tadele Z, Assefa K (2012) Increasing food production in Africa by boosting the productivity of understudied crops. Agronomy 2:240–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thiémélé D, Boisnard A, Ndjiondjop M-N, Chéron S, Séré Y, Aké S, Ghesquière A, Albar L (2010) Identification of a second major resistance gene to Rice yellow mottle virus, RYMV2, in the African cultivated rice species, O. glaberrima. Theor Appl Genet 121:169–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi L, Odipio J, Tripathi JN, Tusiime G (2008) A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt. Eur J Plant Pathol 121:9–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi L, Mwangi M, Abele S, Aritua V, Tushemereirwe WK, Bandyopadhyay R (2009) Xanthomonas wilt: a threat to banana production in East and Central Africa. Plant Dis 93:440–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi L, Mwaka H, Tripathi JN, Tushemereirwe WK (2010) Expression of sweet pepper Hrap gene in banana enhances resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum. Mol Plant Pathol 11:721–731

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tryphone GM, Chilagane LA, Protas D, Kusolwa PM, Nchimbi-Msolla S (2012) Introgression of common bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli) resistance to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) adapted to Tanzania facilitated by marker assisted selection. Int J Agr Sci 2:285–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Tumwegamire S, Rubaihayo PR, LaBonte DR, Diaz F, Kapinga R, Mwanga ROM, Grüneberg WJ (2011) Genetic diversity in white-and orange-fleshed sweetpotato farmer varieties from East Africa evaluated by simple sequence repeat markers. Crop Sci 51(3):1132–1142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyaya HD, Pundir RPS, Dwivedi SL, Gowda CLL, Reddy VG, Singh S (2009) Developing a mini core collection of sorghum for diversified utilization of germplasm. Crop Sci 49:1769–1780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urrea CA, Miklas PN, Beaver JS, Riley RH (1996) A codominant randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker useful for indirect selection of BGMV resistance in common bean. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 121:1035–1039

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varshney RK, Glaszmann J-C, Leung H, Ribaut J-M (2010) More genomic resources for less-studied crops. Trends Biotechnol 28:452–460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varshney R, Ribaut J-M, Buckler ES, Tuberosa R, Rafalski JA, Langridge P (2012) Can genomics boost productivity of orphan crops? Nat Biotechnol 30:1172–1176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waliyar F, Siambi M, Jones R, Reddy SV, Chibonga D, Kumar PL, Denloye S, Chinoko Y (2008) Institutionalizing aflatoxin testing in Africa. In: Leslie JF, Bandyopadhyay R, Visconti A (eds) Mycotoxins: detection methods, management, public health and agricultural trade. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 359–368

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Chuang K, Ahluwalia M, Patel S, Umblas N (2005) High-throughput SNP genotyping by single-tube PCR with Tm-shift primers. Biotechniques 39:885–893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu K, Mackill DJ (1996) A major locus for submergence tolerance mapped on rice chromosome 9. Mol Breed 2:219–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria

    Melaku Gedil, Lava Kumar & Ranjana Bhattacharjee

  2. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya

    Leena Tripathi & Morag Ferguson

  3. International Potato Center, Regional Office, Nairobi, Kenya

    Marc Ghislain

  4. Africa Rice Center, Cotonou, Benin

    Marie-Noelle Ndjiondjop

  5. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia

    Bodo Raatz & Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle

  6. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya

    Kassa Semagn

  7. Generation Challenge Program (GCP), Mexico City, Mexico

    Jean-Marcel Ribaut

Authors
  1. Melaku Gedil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leena Tripathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marc Ghislain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Morag Ferguson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marie-Noelle Ndjiondjop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lava Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Bodo Raatz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Luis Augusto Becerra Lopez-Lavalle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Ranjana Bhattacharjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Kassa Semagn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Jean-Marcel Ribaut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Melaku Gedil .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya

    Florence Wambugu

  2. Africa Harvest Biotech Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya

    Daniel Kamanga

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gedil, M. et al. (2014). Biotechnology Success Stories by the Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR) System. In: Wambugu, F., Kamanga, D. (eds) Biotechnology in Africa. Science Policy Reports, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04001-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation