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Mechanical Properties of Aging Soft Tissues pp 167–185Cite as

Effects of Aging on the Cellular Function, Healing, and Mechanical Properties of Ligaments

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Abstract

The extracellular matrix structure, mechanical properties, and cellular response of ligaments are all affected by the aging process. Changes in cellular function in aging ligaments include alterations in expression of growth factor and growth factor receptors, reduced cellular density during healing, and a cellular phenotype during healing that favors degradation of the extracellular matrix. Changes in the extracellular matrix structure include a reduction in mean collagen fibril diameter, increase in the concentration of collagen fibrils, an overall decrease in collagen content, a decrease in the reducible crosslink concentration, an increase in the nonreducible crosslinks, and a decrease in water content. The quasistatic structural properties of bone–ligament–bone complexes and the material properties of the ligament substance decline with aging. The viscoelasticity of ligament decreases with maturation and then remains relatively constant through initial aging. These changes in composition, organization and mechanical properties are produced by changes in cellular function that accompany aging. It seems likely that these changes in cellular phenotype are a result of cellular senescence. Future opportunities for research include identifying the most appropriate and most cost-effective animal models to study the aging of ligaments and possibly taking advantage of engineered rodent models that result in accelerated aging by inducing cellular senescence.

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Acknowledgments

Support from NIH grants #R01AR047369 and #R01EB015133 is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedics, and Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Benjamin J. Ellis & Jeffrey A. Weiss

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  1. University of Manchester Materials Science Center, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Brian Derby

  2. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

    Riaz Akhtar

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Ellis, B.J., Weiss, J.A. (2015). Effects of Aging on the Cellular Function, Healing, and Mechanical Properties of Ligaments. In: Derby, B., Akhtar, R. (eds) Mechanical Properties of Aging Soft Tissues. Engineering Materials and Processes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03970-1_7

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