Abstract
Thermal effects in the test masses of gravitational waves interferometric detectors may result in a strong limitation to their operation and sensitivity. Already in initial LIGO and Virgo, these effects have been observed and required the installation of dedicated compensation systems. Based on CO\(_2\) laser projectors, the thermal compensators heat the peripheral of the input test masses to reduce the lensing effect. In advanced detectors, the power circulating in the interferometer will increase, thus making thermal effects more relevant. Moreover, other sources of optical defects, due to the fabrication process of the optics, will play a crucial role. High precision beam shaping of the CO\(_2\) laser beam and high sensitivity wavefront sensors will be implemented to face these challenges, moving the thermal compensation system toward adaptive optical systems.
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Notes
- 1.
Available at https://wwwcascina.virgo.infn.it/vpb/vpb2.ps.gz.
- 2.
An acousto-optic modulator (AOM), also called a Bragg cell, uses the acousto-optic effect to diffract and shift the frequency of light using sound waves (usually at radio-frequency). A piezoelectric transducer is attached to a material such as glass. An oscillating electric signal drives the transducer to vibrate, which creates sound waves in the glass. These can be thought of as moving periodic planes of expansion and compression that change the index of refraction. Incoming light scatters off the resulting periodic index modulation and interference occurs similar to Bragg diffraction. The interaction can be thought of as four-wave mixing between phonons and photons.
- 3.
Dichroic mirrors are color filters often used to reflect visible light and transmit infrared radiation.
- 4.
Cross-coupling is defined as the amount of light from one source that reaches the other (wrong) sensor. For example, how much radiation emitted from the source on the injection bench reaching the Hartmann sensor on the detection bench.
- 5.
Cross-sampling defines the quantity of light from one source coming back to its (right) sensor after probing the wrong optic. For instance, the quantity of light emitted by the source on the injection bench that returns to the Hartmann sensor on the injection bench after passing through the North ITM.
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Rocchi, A. (2014). Thermal Effects and Other Wavefront Aberrations in Recycling Cavities. In: Bassan, M. (eds) Advanced Interferometers and the Search for Gravitational Waves. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 404. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03792-9_9
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