Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

MicroRNAs and Cancer: An Overview

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
MicroRNAs: Key Regulators of Oncogenesis

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute an evolutionarily conserved class of small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs for degradation and/or translational repression. MiRNAs have been widely investigated due to their potential role in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many miRNAs are implicated in various human cancers. Functional analysis of cancer-related miRNAs has proposed that they might act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In fact, the link between aberrant miRNA expression and cancer development and progression can be observed either through the loss of tumor suppressor miRNAs or the over-expression of oncogenic miRNAs. This chapter aims to provide a succinct framework to gain insight into miRNA function in cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Kitade Y, Kinoshita T, Naoe T (2007) Downregulation of microRNAs-143 and −145 in B-cell malignancies. Cancer Sci 98(12):1914–1920

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambros V (2004) The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature 431(7006):350–355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asangani IA, Rasheed SA, Nikolova DA, Leupold JH, Colburn NH, Post S et al (2008) MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) post-transcriptionally downregulates tumor suppressor Pdcd4 and stimulates invasion, intravasation and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 27(15):2128–2136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babashah S, Soleimani M (2011) The oncogenic and tumour suppressive roles of microRNAs in cancer and apoptosis. Eur J Cancer 47(8):1127–1137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babashah S, Sadeghizadeh M, Tavirani MR, Farivar S, Soleimani M (2012) Aberrant microRNA expression and its implications in the pathogenesis of leukemias. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 35(5):317–334

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandi N, Zbinden S, Gugger M, Arnold M, Kocher V, Hasan L et al (2009) miR-15a and miR-16 are implicated in cell cycle regulation in a Rb-dependent manner and are frequently deleted or down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 69(13):5553–5559

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandyopadhyay S, Mitra R, Maulik U, Zhang MQ (2010) Development of the human cancer microRNA network. Silence 1(1):6

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbarotto E, Schmittgen TD, Calin GA (2008) MicroRNAs and cancer: profile, profile, profile. Int J Cancer 122(5):969–977

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batchelor TT, Sorensen AG, di Tomaso E, Zhang WT, Duda DG, Cohen KS et al (2007) AZD2171, a pan-VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, normalizes tumor vasculature and alleviates edema in glioblastoma patients. Cancer Cell 11(1):83–95

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat-Nakshatri P, Wang G, Collins NR, Thomson MJ, Geistlinger TR, Carroll JS et al (2009) Estradiol-regulated microRNAs control estradiol response in breast cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 37(14):4850–4861

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhaumik D, Scott GK, Schokrpur S, Patil CK, Campisi J, Benz CC (2008) Expression of microRNA-146 suppresses NF-kappaB activity with reduction of metastatic potential in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 27(42):5643–5647

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohnsack MT, Czaplinski K, Gorlich D (2004) Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs. RNA 10(2):185–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bommer GT, Gerin I, Feng Y, Kaczorowski AJ, Kuick R, Love RE et al (2007) p53-mediated activation of miRNA34 candidate tumor-suppressor genes. Curr Biol 17(15):1298–1307

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonci D, Coppola V, Musumeci M, Addario A, Giuffrida R, Memeo L et al (2008) The miR-15a-miR-16-1 cluster controls prostate cancer by targeting multiple oncogenic activities. Nat Med 14(11):1271–1277

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bracken CP, Gregory PA, Kolesnikoff N, Bert AG, Wang J, Shannon MF et al (2008) A double-negative feedback loop between ZEB1-SIP1 and the microRNA-200 family regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 68(19):7846–7854

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burk U, Schubert J, Wellner U, Schmalhofer O, Vincan E, Spaderna S et al (2008) A reciprocal repression between ZEB1 and members of the miR-200 family promotes EMT and invasion in cancer cells. EMBO Rep 9(6):582–589

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calin GA, Croce CM (2006) MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 6(11):857–866

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calin GA, Croce CM (2009) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: interplay between noncoding RNAs and protein-coding genes. Blood 114(23):4761–4770

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E et al (2002) Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(24):15524–15529

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calin GA, Liu CG, Sevignani C, Ferracin M, Felli N, Dumitru CD et al (2004a) MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(32):11755–11760

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calin GA, Sevignani C, Dumitru CD, Hyslop T, Noch E, Yendamuri S et al (2004b) Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(9):2999–3004

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE et al (2005) A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 353(17):1793–1801

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camps C, Buffa FM, Colella S, Moore J, Sotiriou C, Sheldon H et al (2008) hsa-miR-210 Is induced by hypoxia and is an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 14(5):1340–1348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JA, Krichevsky AM, Kosik KS (2005) MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 65(14):6029–6033

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang TC, Wentzel EA, Kent OA, Ramachandran K, Mullendore M, Lee KH et al (2007) Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis. Mol Cell 26(5):745–752

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang SS, Jiang WW, Smith I, Poeta LM, Begum S, Glazer C et al (2008) MicroRNA alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 123(12):2791–2797

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Gorski DH (2008) Regulation of angiogenesis through a microRNA (miR-130a) that down-regulates antiangiogenic homeobox genes GAX and HOXA5. Blood 111(3):1217–1226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CZ, Li L, Lodish HF, Bartel DP (2004) MicroRNAs modulate hematopoietic lineage differentiation. Science 303(5654):83–86

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Gelfond JA, McManus LM, Shireman PK (2009) Reproducibility of quantitative RT-PCR array in miRNA expression profiling and comparison with microarray analysis. BMC Genomics 10:407

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Odenike O, Rowley JD (2010) Leukaemogenesis: more than mutant genes. Nat Rev Cancer 10(1):23–36

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng AM, Byrom MW, Shelton J, Ford LP (2005) Antisense inhibition of human miRNAs and indications for an involvement of miRNA in cell growth and apoptosis. Nucleic Acids Res 33(4):1290–1297

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Childs G, Fazzari M, Kung G, Kawachi N, Brandwein-Gensler M, McLemore M et al (2009) Low-level expression of microRNAs let-7d and miR-205 are prognostic markers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 174(3):736–745

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho WC (2010a) MicroRNAs in cancer – from research to therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1805(2):209–217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho WC (2010b) MicroRNAs: potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and targets for therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42(8):1273–1281

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung AS, Lee J, Ferrara N (2010) Targeting the tumour vasculature: insights from physiological angiogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 10(7):505–514

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cimmino A, Calin GA, Fabbri M, Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Shimizu M et al (2005) miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(39):13944–13949

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly E, Melegari M, Landgraf P, Tchaikovskaya T, Tennant BC, Slagle BL et al (2008) Elevated expression of the miR-17-92 polycistron and miR-21 in hepadnavirus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma contributes to the malignant phenotype. Am J Pathol 173(3):856–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corney DC, Flesken-Nikitin A, Godwin AK, Wang W, Nikitin AY (2007) MicroRNA-34b and MicroRNA-34c are targets of p53 and cooperate in control of cell proliferation and adhesion-independent growth. Cancer Res 67(18):8433–8438

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croce CM (2009) Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 10(10):704–714

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen BR (2004) Derivation and function of small interfering RNAs and microRNAs. Virus Res 102(1):3–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins JM, He Y, Leary RJ, Pagliarini R, Diaz LA Jr, Sjoblom T et al (2006) The colorectal microRNAome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(10):3687–3692

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Datta J, Kutay H, Nasser MW, Nuovo GJ, Wang B, Majumder S et al (2008) Methylation mediated silencing of MicroRNA-1 gene and its role in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 68(13):5049–5058

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denli AM, Tops BB, Plasterk RH, Ketting RF, Hannon GJ (2004) Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex. Nature 432(7014):231–235

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dews M, Homayouni A, Yu D, Murphy D, Sevignani C, Wentzel E et al (2006) Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster. Nat Genet 38(9):1060–1065

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dutta KK, Zhong Y, Liu YT, Yamada T, Akatsuka S, Hu Q et al (2007) Association of microRNA-34a overexpression with proliferation is cell type-dependent. Cancer Sci 98(12):1845–1852

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dykxhoorn DM, Wu Y, Xie H, Yu F, Lal A, Petrocca F et al (2009) miR-200 enhances mouse breast cancer cell colonization to form distant metastases. PLoS One 4(9):e7181

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egle A, Harris AW, Bouillet P, Cory S (2004) Bim is a suppressor of Myc-induced mouse B cell leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(16):6164–6169

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esquela-Kerscher A, Slack FJ (2006) Oncomirs – microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 6(4):259–269

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esquela-Kerscher A, Trang P, Wiggins JF, Patrawala L, Cheng A, Ford L et al (2008) The let-7 microRNA reduces tumor growth in mouse models of lung cancer. Cell Cycle 7(6):759–764

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabbri M, Garzon R, Cimmino A, Liu Z, Zanesi N, Callegari E et al (2007) MicroRNA-29 family reverts aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(40):15805–15810

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabian MR, Sonenberg N (2012) The mechanics of miRNA-mediated gene silencing: a look under the hood of miRISC. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19(6):586–593

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faller M, Matsunaga M, Yin S, Loo JA, Guo F (2007) Heme is involved in microRNA processing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14(1):23–29

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farazi TA, Horlings HM, Ten Hoeve JJ, Mihailovic A, Halfwerk H, Morozov P et al (2011) MicroRNA sequence and expression analysis in breast tumors by deep sequencing. Cancer Res 71(13):4443–4453

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felicetti F, Errico MC, Bottero L, Segnalini P, Stoppacciaro A, Biffoni M et al (2008) The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-microRNA-221/-222 pathway controls melanoma progression through multiple oncogenic mechanisms. Cancer Res 68(8):2745–2754

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felli N, Fontana L, Pelosi E, Botta R, Bonci D, Facchiano F et al (2005) MicroRNAs 221 and 222 inhibit normal erythropoiesis and erythroleukemic cell growth via kit receptor down-modulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(50):18081–18086

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler IJ (2003) The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the ‘seed and soil’ hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer 3(6):453–458

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fish JE, Santoro MM, Morton SU, Yu S, Yeh RF, Wythe JD et al (2008) miR-126 regulates angiogenic signaling and vascular integrity. Dev Cell 15(2):272–284

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP (2009) Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res 19(1):92–105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller CW, Middendorf LR, Benner SA, Church GM, Harris T, Huang X et al (2009) The challenges of sequencing by synthesis. Nat Biotechnol 27(11):1013–1023

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galardi S, Mercatelli N, Giorda E, Massalini S, Frajese GV, Ciafre SA et al (2007) miR-221 and miR-222 expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1. J Biol Chem 282(32):23716–23724

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gartel AL, Kandel ES (2008) miRNAs: little known mediators of oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 18(2):103–110

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillies JK, Lorimer IA (2007) Regulation of p27Kip1 by miRNA 221/222 in glioblastoma. Cell Cycle 6(16):2005–2009

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottardo F, Liu CG, Ferracin M, Calin GA, Fassan M, Bassi P et al (2007) Micro-RNA profiling in kidney and bladder cancers. Urol Oncol 25(5):387–392

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grady WM, Parkin RK, Mitchell PS, Lee JH, Kim YH, Tsuchiya KD et al (2008) Epigenetic silencing of the intronic microRNA hsa-miR-342 and its host gene EVL in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 27(27):3880–3888

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gramantieri L, Ferracin M, Fornari F, Veronese A, Sabbioni S, Liu CG et al (2007) Cyclin G1 is a target of miR-122a, a microRNA frequently down-regulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 67(13):6092–6099

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory RI, Yan KP, Amuthan G, Chendrimada T, Doratotaj B, Cooch N et al (2004) The Microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs. Nature 432(7014):235–240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory PA, Bert AG, Paterson EL, Barry SC, Tsykin A, Farshid G et al (2008) The miR-200 family and miR-205 regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SIP1. Nat Cell Biol 10(5):593–601

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta GP, Massague J (2006) Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell 127(4):679–695

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han J, Lee Y, Yeom KH, Nam JW, Heo I, Rhee JK et al (2006) Molecular basis for the recognition of primary microRNAs by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex. Cell 125(5):887–901

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harquail J, Benzina S, Robichaud GA (2012) MicroRNAs and breast cancer malignancy: an overview of miRNA-regulated cancer processes leading to metastasis. Cancer Biomark 11(6):269–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris TA, Yamakuchi M, Ferlito M, Mendell JT, Lowenstein CJ (2008) MicroRNA-126 regulates endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(5):1516–1521

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashita Y, Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yamada H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S et al (2005) A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Res 65(21):9628–9632

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He L, Thomson JM, Hemann MT, Hernando-Monge E, Mu D, Goodson S et al (2005) A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature 435(7043):828–833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong L, Han Y, Zhou Y, Nita A (2013) Angiogenesis-related microRNAs in colon cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 13(1):77–84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Macdonald DM, Huettner PC, Feng Z, El Naqa IM, Schwarz JK et al (2009) A miR-200 microRNA cluster as prognostic marker in advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 114(3):457–464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Q, Gumireddy K, Schrier M, le Sage C, Nagel R, Nair S et al (2008) The microRNAs miR-373 and miR-520c promote tumour invasion and metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 10(2):202–210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang L, Dai T, Lin X, Zhao X, Chen X, Wang C et al (2012) MicroRNA-224 targets RKIP to control cell invasion and expression of metastasis genes in human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 425(2):127–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim SA, Yip GW, Stock C, Pan JW, Neubauer C, Poeter M et al (2012) Targeting of syndecan-1 by microRNA miR-10b promotes breast cancer cell motility and invasiveness via a Rho-GTPase- and E-cadherin-dependent mechanism. Int J Cancer 131(6):E884–E896

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichimi T, Enokida H, Okuno Y, Kunimoto R, Chiyomaru T, Kawamoto K et al (2009) Identification of novel microRNA targets based on microRNA signatures in bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 125(2):345–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda S, Kong SW, Lu J, Bisping E, Zhang H, Allen PD et al (2007) Altered microRNA expression in human heart disease. Physiol Genomics 31(3):367–373

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iorio MV, Visone R, Di Leva G, Donati V, Petrocca F, Casalini P et al (2007) MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 67(18):8699–8707

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang J, Gusev Y, Aderca I, Mettler TA, Nagorney DM, Brackett DJ et al (2008) Association of microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinomas with hepatitis infection, cirrhosis, and patient survival. Clin Cancer Res 14(2):419–427

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A et al (2005) RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell 120(5):635–647

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kluiver J, Poppema S, de Jong D, Blokzijl T, Harms G, Jacobs S et al (2005) BIC and miR-155 are highly expressed in Hodgkin, primary mediastinal and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. J Pathol 207(2):243–249

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo N, Toyama T, Sugiura H, Fujii Y, Yamashita H (2008) miR-206 expression is down-regulated in estrogen receptor alpha-positive human breast cancer. Cancer Res 68(13):5004–5008

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kong W, Yang H, He L, Zhao JJ, Coppola D, Dalton WS et al (2008) MicroRNA-155 is regulated by the transforming growth factor beta/Smad pathway and contributes to epithelial cell plasticity by targeting RhoA. Mol Cell Biol 28(22):6773–6784

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korpal M, Lee ES, Hu G, Kang Y (2008) The miR-200 family inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer cell migration by direct targeting of E-cadherin transcriptional repressors ZEB1 and ZEB2. J Biol Chem 283(22):14910–14914

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krek A, Grun D, Poy MN, Wolf R, Rosenberg L, Epstein EJ et al (2005) Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat Genet 37(5):495–500

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krutzfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M et al (2005) Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’. Nature 438(7068):685–689

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuehbacher A, Urbich C, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S (2007) Role of Dicer and Drosha for endothelial microRNA expression and angiogenesis. Circ Res 101(1):59–68

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar MS, Erkeland SJ, Pester RE, Chen CY, Ebert MS, Sharp PA et al (2008) Suppression of non-small cell lung tumor development by the let-7 microRNA family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(10):3903–3908

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar B, Yadav A, Lang J, Teknos TN, Kumar P (2012) Dysregulation of microRNA-34a expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma promotes tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis. PLoS One 7(5):e37601

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lal A, Navarro F, Maher CA, Maliszewski LE, Yan N, O’Day E et al (2009) miR-24 inhibits cell proliferation by targeting E2F2, MYC, and other cell-cycle genes via binding to “seedless” 3′UTR microRNA recognition elements. Mol Cell 35(5):610–625

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landskroner-Eiger S, Moneke I, Sessa WC (2013) miRNAs as modulators of angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 3(2):a006643

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le XF, Almeida MI, Mao W, Spizzo R, Rossi S, Nicoloso MS et al (2012) Modulation of microRNA-194 and cell migration by HER2-targeting trastuzumab in breast cancer. PLoS One 7(7):e41170

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V (1993) The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 75(5):843–854

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, Ahn C, Han J, Choi H, Kim J, Yim J et al (2003) The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing. Nature 425(6956):415–419

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DY, Deng Z, Wang CH, Yang BB (2007a) MicroRNA-378 promotes cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis by targeting SuFu and Fus-1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(51):20350–20355

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EJ, Gusev Y, Jiang J, Nuovo GJ, Lerner MR, Frankel WL et al (2007b) Expression profiling identifies microRNA signature in pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 120(5):1046–1054

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee I, Ajay SS, Yook JI, Kim HS, Hong SH, Kim NH et al (2009) New class of microRNA targets containing simultaneous 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR interaction sites. Genome Res 19(7):1175–1183

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann U, Hasemeier B, Christgen M, Muller M, Romermann D, Langer F et al (2008) Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA gene hsa-mir-9-1 in human breast cancer. J Pathol 214(1):17–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis BP, Shih IH, Jones-Rhoades MW, Bartel DP, Burge CB (2003) Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell 115(7):787–798

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li XF, Yan PJ, Shao ZM (2009) Downregulation of miR-193b contributes to enhance urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression and tumor progression and invasion in human breast cancer. Oncogene 28(44):3937–3948

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Fortin K, Mourelatos Z (2008) MicroRNAs: biogenesis and molecular functions. Brain Pathol 18(1):113–121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Jiang L, Wang A, Yu J, Shi F, Zhou X (2009) MicroRNA-138 suppresses invasion and promotes apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Lett 286(2):217–222

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Lv GD, Qin X, Gen YH, Zheng ST, Liu T et al (2012) Role of microRNA let-7 and effect to HMGA2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 39(2):1239–1246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez JI, Camenisch TD, Stevens MV, Sands BJ, McDonald J, Schroeder JA (2005) CD44 attenuates metastatic invasion during breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 65(15):6755–6763

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowery AJ, Miller N, McNeill RE, Kerin MJ (2008) MicroRNAs as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets: potential effect on breast cancer management. Clin Cancer Res 14(2):360–365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D et al (2005) MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 435(7043):834–838

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lujambio A, Calin GA, Villanueva A, Ropero S, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Blanco D et al (2008) A microRNA DNA methylation signature for human cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(36):13556–13561

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lund E, Guttinger S, Calado A, Dahlberg JE, Kutay U (2004) Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science 303(5654):95–98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam-Lennon N, Maher SG, Reynolds JV (2009) The roles of microRNA in cancer and apoptosis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 84(1):55–71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J, Weinberg RA (2007) Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer. Nature 449(7163):682–688

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma L, Reinhardt F, Pan E, Soutschek J, Bhat B, Marcusson EG et al (2010) Therapeutic silencing of miR-10b inhibits metastasis in a mouse mammary tumor model. Nat Biotechnol 28(4):341–347

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marton S, Garcia MR, Robello C, Persson H, Trajtenberg F, Pritsch O et al (2008) Small RNAs analysis in CLL reveals a deregulation of miRNA expression and novel miRNA candidates of putative relevance in CLL pathogenesis. Leukemia 22(2):330–338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell JT (2008) miRiad roles for the miR-17-92 cluster in development and disease. Cell 133(2):217–222

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meng F, Henson R, Lang M, Wehbe H, Maheshwari S, Mendell JT et al (2006) Involvement of human micro-RNA in growth and response to chemotherapy in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Gastroenterology 130(7):2113–2129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens-Talcott SU, Chintharlapalli S, Li X, Safe S (2007) The oncogenic microRNA-27a targets genes that regulate specificity protein transcription factors and the G2-M checkpoint in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 67(22):11001–11011

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller TE, Ghoshal K, Ramaswamy B, Roy S, Datta J, Shapiro CL et al (2008) MicroRNA-221/222 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting p27Kip1. J Biol Chem 283(44):29897–29903

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morozova O, Marra MA (2008) Applications of next-generation sequencing technologies in functional genomics. Genomics 92(5):255–264

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller DW, Bosserhoff AK (2008) Integrin beta 3 expression is regulated by let-7a miRNA in malignant melanoma. Oncogene 27(52):6698–6706

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muramatsu F, Kidoya H, Naito H, Sakimoto S, Takakura N (2013) microRNA-125b inhibits tube formation of blood vessels through translational suppression of VE-cadherin. Oncogene 32(4):414–421

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nam EJ, Yoon H, Kim SW, Kim H, Kim YT, Kim JH et al (2008) MicroRNA expression profiles in serous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 14(9):2690–2695

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasser MW, Datta J, Nuovo G, Kutay H, Motiwala T, Majumder S et al (2008) Down-regulation of micro-RNA-1 (miR-1) in lung cancer. Suppression of tumorigenic property of lung cancer cells and their sensitization to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by miR-1. J Biol Chem 283(48):33394–33405

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoloso MS, Spizzo R, Shimizu M, Rossi S, Calin GA (2009) MicroRNAs–the micro steering wheel of tumour metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 9(4):293–302

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikiforova MN, Tseng GC, Steward D, Diorio D, Nikiforov YE (2008) MicroRNA expression profiling of thyroid tumors: biological significance and diagnostic utility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(5):1600–1608

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noonan EJ, Place RF, Pookot D, Basak S, Whitson JM, Hirata H et al (2009) miR-449a targets HDAC-1 and induces growth arrest in prostate cancer. Oncogene 28(14):1714–1724

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV, Mendell JT (2005) c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature 435(7043):839–843

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orom UA, Kauppinen S, Lund AH (2006) LNA-modified oligonucleotides mediate specific inhibition of microRNA function. Gene 372:137–141

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paraskevopoulou MD, Georgakilas G, Kostoulas N, Vlachos IS, Vergoulis T, Reczko M et al (2013) DIANA-microT web server v5.0: service integration into miRNA functional analysis workflows. Nucleic Acids Res 41(Web Server issue):W169–W173

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park SM, Gaur AB, Lengyel E, Peter ME (2008) The miR-200 family determines the epithelial phenotype of cancer cells by targeting the E-cadherin repressors ZEB1 and ZEB2. Genes Dev 22(7):894–907

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquinelli AE (2012) MicroRNAs and their targets: recognition, regulation and an emerging reciprocal relationship. Nat Rev Genet 13(4):271–282

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquinelli AE, Reinhart BJ, Slack F, Martindale MQ, Kuroda MI, Maller B et al (2000) Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA. Nature 408(6808):86–89

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pekarsky Y, Santanam U, Cimmino A, Palamarchuk A, Efanov A, Maximov V et al (2006) Tcl1 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is regulated by miR-29 and miR-181. Cancer Res 66(24):11590–11593

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petriv OI, Kuchenbauer F, Delaney AD, Lecault V, White A, Kent D et al (2010) Comprehensive microRNA expression profiling of the hematopoietic hierarchy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(35):15443–15448

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer S, Sewer A, Lagos-Quintana M, Sheridan R, Sander C, Grasser FA et al (2005) Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family. Nat Methods 2(4):269–276

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poliseno L, Tuccoli A, Mariani L, Evangelista M, Citti L, Woods K et al (2006) MicroRNAs modulate the angiogenic properties of HUVECs. Blood 108(9):3068–3071

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhart BJ, Slack FJ, Basson M, Pasquinelli AE, Bettinger JC, Rougvie AE et al (2000) The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 403(6772):901–906

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saito Y, Liang G, Egger G, Friedman JM, Chuang JC, Coetzee GA et al (2006) Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell 9(6):435–443

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmittgen TD, Lee EJ, Jiang J, Sarkar A, Yang L, Elton TS et al (2008) Real-time PCR quantification of precursor and mature microRNA. Methods 44(1):31–38

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott GK, Goga A, Bhaumik D, Berger CE, Sullivan CS, Benz CC (2007) Coordinate suppression of ERBB2 and ERBB3 by enforced expression of micro-RNA miR-125a or miR-125b. J Biol Chem 282(2):1479–1486

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shih AH, Holland EC (2006) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and glial tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 232(2):139–147

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siragam V, Rutnam ZJ, Yang W, Fang L, Luo L, Yang X et al (2012) MicroRNA miR-98 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and invasion by targeting activin receptor-like kinase-4 and matrix metalloproteinase-11. Oncotarget 3(11):1370–1385

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slaby O, Svoboda M, Fabian P, Smerdova T, Knoflickova D, Bednarikova M et al (2007) Altered expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 is related to clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer. Oncology 72(5–6):397–402

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spizzo R, Nicoloso MS, Croce CM, Calin GA (2009) SnapShot: microRNAs in cancer. Cell 137(3):586–586 e581

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamatopoulos B, Meuleman N, Haibe-Kains B, Saussoy P, Van Den Neste E, Michaux L et al (2009) microRNA-29c and microRNA-223 down-regulation has in vivo significance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and improves disease risk stratification. Blood 113(21):5237–5245

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steeg PS (2003) Metastasis suppressors alter the signal transduction of cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 3(1):55–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su H, Yang JR, Xu T, Huang J, Xu L, Yuan Y et al (2009) MicroRNA-101, down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, promotes apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenicity. Cancer Res 69(3):1135–1142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Pober JS, Sessa WC (2007) Dicer dependent microRNAs regulate gene expression and functions in human endothelial cells. Circ Res 100(8):1164–1173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez Y, Fernandez-Hernando C, Yu J, Gerber SA, Harrison KD, Pober JS et al (2008) Dicer-dependent endothelial microRNAs are necessary for postnatal angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(37):14082–14087

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takamizawa J, Konishi H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Osada H, Endoh H et al (2004) Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res 64(11):3753–3756

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang F, Zhang R, He Y, Zou M, Guo L, Xi T (2012) MicroRNA-125b induces metastasis by targeting STARD13 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 7(5):e35435

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tavazoie SF, Alarcon C, Oskarsson T, Padua D, Wang Q, Bos PD et al (2008) Endogenous human microRNAs that suppress breast cancer metastasis. Nature 451(7175):147–152

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tazawa H, Tsuchiya N, Izumiya M, Nakagama H (2007) Tumor-suppressive miR-34a induces senescence-like growth arrest through modulation of the E2F pathway in human colon cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(39):15472–15477

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thiery JP (2002) Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2(6):442–454

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Togawa H, Nakanishi K, Mukaiyama H, Hama T, Shima Y, Sako M et al (2011) Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cyst lining epithelial cells in an orthologous PCK rat model of autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300(2):F511–F520

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tong AW, Nemunaitis J (2008) Modulation of miRNA activity in human cancer: a new paradigm for cancer gene therapy? Cancer Gene Ther 15(6):341–355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urbich C, Kuehbacher A, Dimmeler S (2008) Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 79(4):581–588

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valastyan S, Reinhardt F, Benaich N, Calogrias D, Szasz AM, Wang ZC et al (2009) A pleiotropically acting microRNA, miR-31, inhibits breast cancer metastasis. Cell 137(6):1032–1046

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varambally S, Cao Q, Mani RS, Shankar S, Wang X, Ateeq B et al (2008) Genomic loss of microRNA-101 leads to overexpression of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in cancer. Science 322(5908):1695–1699

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visone R, Pallante P, Vecchione A, Cirombella R, Ferracin M, Ferraro A et al (2007) Specific microRNAs are downregulated in human thyroid anaplastic carcinomas. Oncogene 26(54):7590–7595

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F et al (2006) A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(7):2257–2261

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Aurora AB, Johnson BA, Qi X, McAnally J, Hill JA et al (2008a) The endothelial-specific microRNA miR-126 governs vascular integrity and angiogenesis. Dev Cell 15(2):261–271

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Lee AT, Ma JZ, Wang J, Ren J, Yang Y et al (2008b) Profiling microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma reveals microRNA-224 up-regulation and apoptosis inhibitor-5 as a microRNA-224-specific target. J Biol Chem 283(19):13205–13215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster RJ, Giles KM, Price KJ, Zhang PM, Mattick JS, Leedman PJ (2009) Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in human cancer cells by microRNA-7. J Biol Chem 284(9):5731–5741

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woods K, Thomson JM, Hammond SM (2007) Direct regulation of an oncogenic micro-RNA cluster by E2F transcription factors. J Biol Chem 282(4):2130–2134

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu H, Xu H, Miraglia LJ, Crooke ST (2000) Human RNase III is a 160-kDa protein involved in preribosomal RNA processing. J Biol Chem 275(47):36957–36965

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Sun M, Zou GM, Chen J (2007) MicroRNA and cancer: current status and prospective. Int J Cancer 120(5):953–960

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wurdinger T, Tannous BA, Saydam O, Skog J, Grau S, Soutschek J et al (2008) miR-296 regulates growth factor receptor overexpression in angiogenic endothelial cells. Cancer Cell 14(5):382–393

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao C, Srinivasan L, Calado DP, Patterson HC, Zhang B, Wang J et al (2008) Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in mice with increased miR-17-92 expression in lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 9(4):405–414

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan D, Zhou X, Chen X, Hu DN, Dong XD, Wang J et al (2009) MicroRNA-34a inhibits uveal melanoma cell proliferation and migration through downregulation of c-Met. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50(4):1559–1565

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yanaihara N, Caplen N, Bowman E, Seike M, Kumamoto K, Yi M et al (2006) Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Cell 9(3):189–198

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Weinberg RA (2008) Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell 14(6):818–829

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang WJ, Yang DD, Na S, Sandusky GE, Zhang Q, Zhao G (2005) Dicer is required for embryonic angiogenesis during mouse development. J Biol Chem 280(10):9330–9335

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Kong W, He L, Zhao JJ, O’Donnell JD, Wang J et al (2008) MicroRNA expression profiling in human ovarian cancer: miR-214 induces cell survival and cisplatin resistance by targeting PTEN. Cancer Res 68(2):425–433

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG, Cullen BR (2003) Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev 17(24):3011–3016

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu F, Yao H, Zhu P, Zhang X, Pan Q, Gong C et al (2007) let-7 regulates self renewal and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Cell 131(6):1109–1123

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Li Z, Casimiro MC, Liu M et al (2008) A cyclin D1/microRNA 17/20 regulatory feedback loop in control of breast cancer cell proliferation. J Cell Biol 182(3):509–517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Liu S, Hu T, He Y, Sun S (2009) Up-regulated microRNA-143 transcribed by nuclear factor kappa B enhances hepatocarcinoma metastasis by repressing fibronectin expression. Hepatology 50(2):490–499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Wang D, Du W, Gu D, Yang R (2010) MicroRNA and leukemia: tiny molecule, great function. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 74(3):149–155

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong X, Coukos G, Zhang L (2012) miRNAs in human cancer. Methods Mol Biol 822:295–306

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Si ML, Wu H, Mo YY (2007) MicroRNA-21 targets the tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1). J Biol Chem 282(19):14328–14336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Wu H, Wu F, Nie D, Sheng S, Mo YY (2008) MicroRNA-21 targets tumor suppressor genes in invasion and metastasis. Cell Res 18(3):350–359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang G, Wu X, Jiang Z, Kasman I, Yao J, Guan Y et al (2012) Tumour-secreted miR-9 promotes endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis by activating the JAK-STAT pathway. EMBO J 31(17):3513–3523

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank all authors responsible for the insights that I attempted to summarize. I apologize to the colleagues whose work was not cited because of space considerations.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran

    Sadegh Babashah

Authors
  1. Sadegh Babashah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sadegh Babashah .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Molec. Genetics, Fac. of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Sadegh Babashah

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Babashah, S. (2014). MicroRNAs and Cancer: An Overview. In: Babashah, S. (eds) MicroRNAs: Key Regulators of Oncogenesis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03725-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation