Abstract
The recognition of human rights has had a revolutionary influence on the international and national legal fields that is outlined in this chapter.
Revolution is a term frequent in human rights literature. The Human Rights Revolution was a triple one:
-
The human being has been recognized as the ethical-legal supreme universal value and gained international personality.
-
Human rights have been internationally proclaimed, and mechanisms, including Courts, have been established for their protection.
-
International Human Rights Law principles became the Law of Law, prompting ongoing changes of the international and national legal landscapes.
There has been a Copernican revolution in classic International Law. A New Constitutionalism has arisen too. The new International and Constitutional Law led to a refounding of the concept of Rule of Law, implying the rethinking of democracy.
Humanity is a notion polarizing core principles of morality. The notion of ‘crimes against humanity’ consecrates Humanity as rights-holder, embracing both the dignity of the whole human species and the uniqueness of each human being.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
For instance: Drinan, R. (1987). Cry of the Oppressed: The History and Hope of the Human Rights Revolution. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row; Schuster, E. (1981). Human Rights Today: Evolution or Revolution. New York: Philosophical Library; Iriye, A., Goedde, P., and Hitchcock, W. (Ed.) (2012). The Human Rights Revolution—An International History. Oxford University Press, USA.
- 2.
“Entretien”, Le Courrier de l’UNESCO, 1993, 4–8, 49–50.
- 3.
- 4.
For example, Alain Finkielkraut, a French philosopher very critical of the Convention, wrote: “… a veritable mental revolution took place on 20 November 1989, in the UN” (La nouvelle statue de Pavel Morozov. Le Monde, 1990, January 9).
- 5.
See: Monteiro, A. 2008. La Revolución de los Derechos del Niño. Madrid: Editorial Popular.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
Nevertheless, Tomuschat (2008) remarks: “If and to what extent individuals are subjects of international law is still highly controversial. One can interpret in different ways the legal status which human beings enjoy under the treaties for the protection of human rights” (p. 370).
- 11.
In this regard, Trindade said in his concurring Opinion to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Advisory Opinion OC-17/2002 of 28 August 2002 on the ‘Juridical Condition and Human Rights of the Child’:
45. There is no way to dissociate the recognition of the international juridical personality of the individual from the dignity itself of the human person. In a wider dimension, the human person appears as the being who brings within himself his supreme end, and who achieves it throughout his life, under his own responsibility. In fact, it is the human person, essentially endowed with dignity, who articulates, expresses and introduces the ‘ought to be’ (‘deber ser’) of the values in the world of the reality in which he lives, and only is he capable of this, as bearer of such ethical values. The juridical personality, in its turn, manifests itself as a juridical category in the world of Law, as a unitary expression of the aptitude of the human person to be titulaire [holder] of rights and duties at the level of the regulated behaviour and human relations.
46. It may be recalled, in the present context, that the conception of individual subjective right already has a wide historical projection, originated in particular in the jusnaturalist thinking in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, and systematized in the juridical doctrine along the XIXth century. Nevertheless, in the XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century, that conception remained in the framework of domestic public law, emanated from public power, and under the influence of legal positivism. The subjective right was conceived as the prerrogative of the individual such as defined by the legal order at issue (the objective law).
47. Notwithstanding, there is no way to deny that the crystallization of the concept of individual subjective right, and its systematization, achieved at least an advance towards a better understanding of the individual as a titulaire of rights. And they rendered possible, with the emergence of human rights at international level, the gradual overcoming of positive law. In the mid-XXth century, the impossibility became clear of the evolution of Law itself without the individual subjective right, expression of a true ‘human right’. (www.crin.org/docs/advisory-opinion17.pdf).
- 12.
Primauté du droit is the translation of Rule of Law in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
- 13.
After reading such a statement, Ernst Cassirer, who had been elected Rector of the University of Hamburg in 1929 (the first Jew to gain such a position in German Universities), but who was dismissed after a law made it impossible for Jews to hold official positions, declared: “Law is what suits the Führer”, he declared: “If not tomorrow all legal scholars of Germany rise up as one and object to these phrases, Germany is lost” (Wenn morgen nicht alle Rechtsgelehrten Deutschlands sich wie ein Mann erheben und gegen diesen Paragraphen protestieren, ist Deutschland verloren). Not one single voice was heard, however, and he decided to leave Germany (as cit. in Coskun, 2007, p. 5).
- 14.
- 15.
According to UNESCO Constitution Article 1:
1. The purpose of the Organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law [italics added] and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm.
French versions of the Convention and of the Statute translate ‘rule of law’ as ‘prééminence du droit’.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/resources.htm, and A Decade of Measuring the Quality of Governance—Governance Matters—2006—Worldwide Governance Indicators (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/1740479-1150402582357/2661829-1158008871017/booklet_decade_of_measuring_governance.pdf.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
A Decade of Measuring the Quality of Governance—Governance Matters—2006—Worldwide Governance Indicators (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/1740479-1150402582357/2661829-1158008871017/booklet_decade_of_measuring_governance.pdf.
- 32.
- 33.
Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Preventing Conflict and Building Peace—A Manual of Issues and Entry Points, Equal Access to Justice and the Rule of Law (www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/3/35785584.pdf).
- 34.
The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index—2011 includes data on nine dimensions of the Rule of Law:
-
Limited government powers
-
Absence of corruption
-
Order and security
-
Fundamental rights
-
Open government
-
Effective regulatory enforcement
-
Access to civil justice
-
Effective criminal justice
-
Informal justice
These nine factors are further disaggregated into 52 sub-factors. The scores of these sub-factors are built from over 400 variables drawn from assessments of the general public (1,000 respondents per country) and local legal experts. The outcome of this exercise is one of the world’s most comprehensive data sets measuring the extent to which countries adhere to the rule of law—not in theory but in practice.
[…]
As used by the World Justice Project, the rule of law refers to a rules-based system in which the following four universal principles are upheld:
-
The government and its officials and agents are accountable under the law.
-
The laws are clear, publicized, stable, and fair, and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property.
-
The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, fair, and efficient.
-
Access to justice is provided by competent, independent, and ethical adjudicators, attorneys or representatives, and judicial officers who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.
These principles are derived from international sources that enjoy broad acceptance across countries with differing social, cultural, economic, and political systems, and incorporate both substantive and procedural elements. (www.worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/wjproli2011_0.pdf).
The World Justice Project (WJP) presents itself as a multinational and multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the rule of law throughout the world.
-
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
- 42.
- 43.
- 44.
- 45.
- 46.
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
- 50.
- 51.
The UN International Law Commission placed the codification of Customary International Law of Treaties on its agenda in its first session, in 1949. As Rapporteurs were appointed successively James Brierly, Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice and Sir Humphrey Waldock. The last one prepared six reports that enabled the Commission to submit, in 1966, a draft Convention to the UN General Assembly with a recommendation to convene an international conference. The General Assembly endorsed the recommendation and decided that the conference would take place in 1968 and 1969, in Vienna.
- 52.
The concept of opinio juris vel necessitatis “emerged in the nineteenth century as a construction above all of the German historical school (Puchta, Savigny), in reaction precisely to the voluntarist conception; in this way, it succeeded in gradually discarding the ‘will’ of the States, and in moving towards the ‘common juridical conscience’, of which the customary norms were an expression” (Trindade 2006, p. 174).
- 53.
Public order is a concept originating from Article 6 of the French Civil Code: On ne peut déroger, par des conventions particulières, aux lois qui intéressent l’ordre public et les bonnes moeurs (Statutes relating to public policy and morals may not be derogated from by private agreements). This concept encompasses principles concerning fundamental representations and values in a legal system, which should be protected specially by Tribunals.
In Loizidou v. Turkey (Application nº 15318/89, Judgment on 23 March 1995), the European Court of Human Rights referred to “the Convention as a constitutional instrument of European public order (ordre public)” (para. 35).
In Cyprus v. Turkey (Application nº 25781/94, 10 May 2001), the European Court said that the European Convention is “an instrument of European public order (ordre public) for the protection of individual human beings” (para. 78).
According to the Document quoted above prepared by the UN Secretary-General, regarding the draft International Covenants on Human Rights:
The English expression ‘public order’ and the French expression I’ordre public gave rise to considerable discussion. It was observed that the English expression ‘public order’ was not equivalent to – and indeed was substantially different from – the French expression I’ordre public (or the Spanish expression orden publico). In civil law countries I’ordre public is a legal concept used principally as a basis for negating or restricting private agreements, the exercise of police power or the application of foreign law. In common law countries the expression ‘public order’ is ordinarily used to mean the absence of public disorder. The common law counterpart of I’ordre public is ‘public policy’ rather than ‘public order’.
- 54.
Quoted by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in its Advisory Opinion OC-2/82 of September 24, 1982, requested by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on “The Effect of Reservations on the Entry into Force of the American Convention on Human Rights (Arts. 74 and 75)”.
- 55.
- 56.
However: “Only recently has the ICJ ventured to pronounce the word jus cogens which in earlier years some judges considered to be anathema” (Tomuschat 2008, p. 38).
- 57.
- 58.
- 59.
Mégret et al. (2010) remarks: “Another way of putting it would be to say that becoming a party to a human rights treaty is declaratory of states’ obligations rather than constitutive of them” (p. 129).
- 60.
Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Netherlands acted this way when, in 1967, each addressed a communication against Greece to the European Commission of Human Rights (The Greek Case).
References
Agi, M. 1980. De l’idée d’universalité comme fondatrice du concept des Droits de l’Homme d’après la vie et l’œuvre de René Cassin. Antibes: Éditions Alp’Azur.
Álvarez, A. 1947. Méthodes de la codification du Droit international public (État actuel de ce droit). In Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International—Session de Lausanne, Août, 38–71. Bruxelles: Ad. Goemaere.
Álvarez, A. 1959. Le droit international nouveau dans ses rapports avec la vie actuelle des peuples. Paris: Éditions Pedone.
Barile, G. 1987. The protection of human rights in article 60, paragraph 5 of the Vienna Convention of the law of treaties. In Le Droit international à l’heure de sa codification—Études en l’honneur de Roberto Ago/Il Diritto internazionale al tempo della sua codificazione—Studi in onore di Roberto Ago/International law at the time of its codification—Essays in honour of Roberto Ago, II, 3–14. Milano: Dott. A. Giuffre Editore.
Becet, J.-M., and D. Colard. 1982. Les droits de l’homme—I Dimensions nationales et internationales. Paris: Economica.
Beetham, D., and K. Boyle. 1995. Introducing democracy: 80 questions and answers. Oxford: Polity Press/UNESCO.
Birmingham, P. 2006. Hannah Arendt and human rights—The predicament of common responsibility. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Buquicchio, G. 2006. Introductory address. In The status of international treaties on human rights, ed AAVV, 7–9. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, Venice Commission.
Burgers, J. 1992. The road to San Francisco: The revival of the human rights idea in the twentieth century. Human Rights Quarterly 14 (4): 447–477. http://humanrightsinitiative.ucdavis.edu/files/2012/10/burgerroadtosf.pdf. Accessed July 2013.
Campbell, T. 2006. Rights—A critical introduction. London: Routledge.
Cassese, A. 1991. La valeur actuelle des droits de l’homme. In Humanité et Droit International—Mélanges René-Jean Dupuy, ed. AAVV, 65–75. Paris: Éditions A. Pedone.
Cassin, R. 1951. La Déclaration universelle et la mise en œuvre des droits de l’homme. In Recueil des Cours—1951, II, Tome 79 de la Collection, ed. Académie de droit international, 237–367. Paris: Librairie du Recueil Sirey.
Cassin, R. 1967. Vingt ans après la Déclaration universelle—‘Liberté et égalité’. Revue de la Commission Internationale des Juristes (Numéro spécial:1968—Année internationale des droits de l’homme, Première partie), Tome VIII, Nº2, décembre, 1–17.
Chesterman, S. 2008. An international rule of law? American Journal of Comparative Law 56 (2): 331–362. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1081738. Accessed July 2013.
Chevallier, J. 1994. L’État de droit (2e éd. ). Paris: Montchrestien.
Chinkin, Ch. 2010. Sources. In International human rights law, ed D. Moeckli, S. Shah, and S. Sivakumaran, 103–124. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Conseil de l’Europe. 1991. Feuille d’information nº 27 (mai 1990-6 novembre 1990). Strasbourg: Droits de l’homme.
Conseil de l’Europe. 1993. Les rapports entre le droit international et le droit interne—Actes du Séminaire UniDem organisé à Varsovie du 19 au 21 mai 1993 en coopération avec l’Université de Wroclaw et le Centre des droits de l’homme de Poznan et avec le soutien du Programme Phare des Communautés Européennes. Strasbourg: Commission européenne pour la démocratie par le droit.
Now in print: Conseil de l’Europe. 1993. Les rapports entre le droit international et le droit interne (Actes, Varsovie, 19–21 mai 1993) (Science et technique de la démocratie nº 5).
Coskun, D. 2007. Law as symbolic form—Ernst Cassirer and the anthropocentric view of law. Vol 82. Dordrecht: Springer, Law and Philosophy Library. www.international-ul.com/pdf/ebook/ebooksclub.org__Law_as_Symbolic_Form__Ernst_Cassirer_and_the_anthropocentric_view_of_law__Law_and_Philosophy_Library_.pdf. Accessed July 2013.
Delmas-Marty, M. 1996. Vers un droit commun de l’humanité—Entretien avec Philippe Petit. Paris: Les Éditions Textuel.
Delpérée, F. 1987. Avant-Propos/Les formes de participation des citoyens au fonctionnement de l’État. In Le nouveau Droit constitutionnel—apports belges au IIe Congrès mondial de droit constitutionnel, Paris—Aix-en-Provence, 31 août—5 septembre 1987, ed. AAVV, 5–6 et 173–186. Louvain-la-Neuve/Bruxelles: Centre Interuniversitaire de Droit public, A.S.B.L., Academia, Édition et Diffusion/Bruylant.
Denquin, J.-M. 2008. Démocratie. In Dictionnaire des Droits de l’Homme, ed Joël Andriantsimbazovina et al. (Sous la direction de), 262–267. Paris: PUF.
Dord, O. 2008. Droits fondamentaux. In Dictionnaire des Droits de l’Homme, ed J. Andriantsimbazovina et al. (Sous la direction de), 332–336. Paris: PUF.
Dupuy, P.-M. 2008. Jus cogens. In Dictionnaire des Droits de l’Homme, ed Joël Andriantsimbazovina et al. (Sous la direction de), 566–570. Paris: PUF.
Dupuy, R.-J. 1986. La communauté internationale entre le mythe et l’histoire. Paris: Economica/UNESCO.
Elster, J. 1993. Mehrheitsprinzip und individualrechte. In Die Idee der Menschenrechte (Aus dem Englischen von Michael Bischoff), ed. S. Shute & S. Hurlery, 207–253. Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH (1996).
Espiell, H. 1985. Estudios sobre Derechos Humanos I. San José. Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos/Caracas: Editorial Jurídica Venezolana.
European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission). 2011. Report on the Rule of Law (CDL-AD (2011) 003 rev).
Humphrey, J. 1984. Human rights and the United Nations—A great adventure. New York: Transnational Publishers.
Humphrey, J. 1987. Preface. In Guide to the “Travaux Préparatoires” of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ed. Marc J. Bossuyt, XV–XVI. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Kiss, A.-Ch. 2006. International human rights treaties: A special category of international treaty? In The status of international treaties on human rights, ed AAVV, 11–29. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, Venice Commission.
Koji, T. 2001. Emerging hierarchy in international human rights and beyond: From the perspective of non-derogable rights. EJIL, 12(5): 917–941. www.ejil.org/pdfs/12/5/1555.pdf. Accessed Sept 2013.
Langlois, A. 2003. Human rights without democracy? A critique of the separationist thesis. Human Rights Quartely 25:990–1019.
Lauren, P. 1998. The evolution of international human rights—Visions seen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lauterpacht, H. 1948. The international protection of human rights. In Recueil des Cours—1947, I—Tome 70 de la Collection, ed. Académie de Droit International, 5–108. Paris: Recueil Sirey.
Maes, E. 2008. Constitutional democracy, constitutional interpretation and conflicting rights. In Conflicts between fundamental rights, ed. E. Brems, 69–89. Antwerp: Intersentia.
Mayerfeld, J. 2009. The democratic legitimacy of international human rights law. Indiana International and Comparative Law Review 19:49–88. http://faculty.washington.edu/jasonm/Mayerfeld_Democratic_Legitimacy_of_International_Human_Rights_Law.pdf. Accessed July 2013.
Mégret, F. 2010. Nature of obligations. In International human rights law, ed D. Moeckli, S. Shah, and S. Sivakumaran, 124–149. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Menke, Ch. and Pollmann, A. 2007. Philosophie der Menschenrechte—Zur Einfürung. Hamburg: Junius (2008).
Modinos, P. 1975. Dialogue avec les droits de l’homme/Introduction à l’étude des droits de l’homme/La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme—Ses origines, ses objectifs, ses réalisations. Revue des droits de l’homme/Human rights journal—Droit international et Droit comparé/International and Comparative Law—25e Anniversaire de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme (4 Novembre 1950–4 Novembre) VIII (Nº Spécial), 631–636, 648–658, 689–716.
Morange, J. 1988. La Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen. 2e éd. Paris: PUF, Que sais-je? (1989).
Morsink, J. 1999. The universal declaration of human rights: Origins, drafting, and intent. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Peerenboom, R. 2005. human rights and rule of law: What’s the relationship? University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series, 05-31. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=816024. Accessed July 2013.
Pinelli, C. 2006. International treaties and agreements making trade and foreign aids conditional on respect for human rights. In The status of international treaties on human rights, ed AAVV, 151–158. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, Venice Commission.
Ponton, L. 1990. Philosophie et droits de l’homme de Kant à Levinas. Paris: J. Vrin.
Quiroga, C. 2009. The Inter-American system for the protection of human rights. In International protection of human rights: A textbook, ed. C. Krause, and M. Scheinin, 475–501. Turku/Åbo: Åbo Akademi University, Institute for Human Rights.
Ramcharan, B. 2008. Contemporary human rights ideas. London: Routledge.
Robledo, A. 1982. Le jus cogens international: sa genèse, sa nature, ses fonctions. In Recueil des Cours/Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law—1981, III—Tome 172 de la collection, ed. Académie de Droit International, 9–217. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Ruiz, J. 1979. Las obligaciones erga omnes en Derecho Internacional Público. In Estudios de Derecho Internacional—Homenaje al Profesor Miaja de la Muela—I, 219–233. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos.
Russell, B. 1938. Power—A new social analysis. London: Routledge.
Salmon, J. 2011. Quelle place pour l’État dans le Droit International d’aujourd’hui?. In Recueil des Cours/Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law—2010—Tome 347 de la Collection, ed. Académie de Droit International. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Scheinin, M. 2006. Human rights treaties and the Vienna Convention on the Law of treaties: Conflict or harmony? In The status of international treaties on human rights, ed AAVV, 43–54. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, Venice Commission.
Scheinin, M. 2009a. Characteristics of human rights norms. In International protection of human rights: A textbook, ed. C. Krause, and M. Scheinin, 19–37. Turku/Åbo: Åbo Akademi University, Institute for Human Rights.
Shelton, D. 2006. Are there differentiations among human rights? Jus cogens, core human rights, obligations erga omnes and non-derogability. In The status of internacional treaties on human rights, ed AAVV, 159–186. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, Venice Commission.
Schutter, O. 2009a. The status of human rights in international law. In International protection of human rights: A textbook, ed. C. Krause, and M. Scheinin, 39–58. Turku/Åbo: Åbo Akademi University, Institute for Human Rights.
Sohn, L. 1982. The new international law: Protection of the rights of individuals rather than states. American University Law Review 32 (1): 1–64. www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/32/sohn.pdf. Accessed July 2013.
Sudre, F. 1990. La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Paris: PUF, ‘Que sais-je?’- 2513.
Symonides, J., and V. Volodin ed. 2003. A guide to human rights—Institutions, standards, procedures. Paris: UNESCO.
Tomuschat, Ch. 2008. Human rights—Between idealism and realism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law, XIII/1.
Tóth, J. 1972. Les droits de l’homme et la théorie du droit. In René Cassin Amicorum Discipulorumque Liber—IV. Méthodologie des Droits de l’Homme, ed. AAVV, 69–90. Paris: Éditions Pedone, Institut International des Droits de l’Homme, ‘Jura Hominis ac Civis’.
Trindade, A. 2006. International law for humankind: Towards a new Jus Gentium—General Course on Public International Law. In Recueil des Cours/Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law—2005—Tome 316 de la Collection, ed. Académie de Droit International. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1948. History of the united nations war crimes commission and the development of the laws of war. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office. www.cisd.soas.ac.uk/documents/un-war-crimes-project-history-of-the-unwcc,52439517,p2. Accessed Sept 2013.
Vallejo, J. 1990. Force et développement des droits de l’homme. Bulletin des Droits de l’Homme—Mise en œuvre des instruments internationaux des droits de l’homme 89/1:70–76.
Velu, J., and R. Ergec. 1990. La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Bruxelles: Bruylant.
Verdoodt, A. 1964. Naissance et signification de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme (Préface de René Cassin). Louvain-Paris: Éditions Nauwelaerts.
Zemanek, K. 2009. Vienna Convention on the law of treaties. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/vclt/vclt-e.pdf. Accessed July 2013.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reis Monteiro, A. (2014). A Changed and Changing Legal Landscape. In: Ethics of Human Rights. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03566-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03566-6_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-03565-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-03566-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)