Abstract
Trade in services, for the sake of simplicity, can be defined as the contrary to trade in goods. The sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer or supplier and consumer. Addressing the international dimension of trade in services, Deardorffs’ Glossary of International Economics defines trade in services as the provision of a service to buyers within or from one country by a firm in or from another country. But as the World Trade Organization (WTO) notes, the term services covers a wide range of intangible and heterogeneous products and activities that are difficult to encapsulate within a simple definition. Most will agree though, that services are the intangible products are the intangible products for which, although untouchable, we are willing to part with consideration.
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Notes
- 1.
Wikipedia (2013).
- 2.
Deardorffs’ Glossary of International Economics (2013).
- 3.
WTO (2010a), p. 7.
- 4.
WTO (2012).
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Ibid, p.137.
- 7.
UNCTAD (2008a).
- 8.
Ibid. at p. 52.
- 9.
Deardorff (2000).
- 10.
Jones and Kierzkowski (2005), p. 1–10.
- 11.
Adlung (2007).
- 12.
Mattoo et al. (2007).
- 13.
Adlung (2007).
- 14.
Ibid. Also see Jones and Kierzkowski (2005), supra.
- 15.
UNCTAD (2003), p. 208.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
WTO (2010a), p. 8.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Ibid, p. 7.
- 23.
Business maps of India.com (2011).
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
Index Mundi (2011).
- 26.
Tandrayen-Ragoobur (2011).
- 27.
UNCTAD (2008b).
- 28.
Ibid.
- 29.
UNCTAD (2007), p. 29.
- 30.
Ibid.
- 31.
UNCTAD (2008b).
- 32.
ITC (2013), p. iv.
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
See UNCTAD (2008a).
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
UNCTAD (2007, 2008c).
- 37.
- 38.
Adlung and Roy (2005) at p. 1168.
- 39.
Adlung (2007).
- 40.
- 41.
Adlung (2007).
- 42.
Article 1: 2 (d), GATS.
- 43.
Paragraph 3, Objectives section, GATS.
- 44.
Paragraph 15, Doha Declaration.
- 45.
WTO Document S/CSS/W/12.
- 46.
For the latter, see WTO Document JOB(06)/155.
- 47.
Services Sectoral Classification List. WTO Document MTN.GNS/W/120.
- 48.
WTO Document S/CSS/W/12.
- 49.
WTO Document TN/S/W/14.
- 50.
“Collective request on Mode 4”. http://www.citizen.org/documents/Mode_4_3.06.pdf.
- 51.
Accounting & bookkeeping (CPC 862), Architectural services (CPC 8671), Engineering services (CPC 8672), Integrated engineering services (CPC 8673), Urban planning and landscape architectural services (CPC 8674), Medical & dental services (CPC 9312), Veterinary services (CPC 932), Services provided by midwives, nurses, physiotherapists and paramedical personnel (CPC 93191), Computer & related services (CPC 84), Research and Development services (CPC 851 + 852 + 853), Advertising services (CPC 871), Market research and public opinion polling services (CPC 864), Management consulting services (CPC 865), Services related to management consulting (CPC 866), Technical testing & analysis services (CPC 8676), Related scientific and technical consulting services (CPC 8675), Maintenance and repair of equipment (not including maritime vessels, aircraft or other transport equipment) (CPC 633 + 8861 − 8866), Specialty design services (CPC 87907), Construction and related engineering services (CPC 511–518), Environmental services (CPC 9401 + 9402 + 9403), Hotels and Restaurants (CPC Ex. 641), Travel Agencies and Tour Operators services (CPC 7471), Tourist Guides services (CPC 7472), Sporting and other recreational services (CPC 964).
- 52.
Paragraph 3, Annex on Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services under the Agreement.
- 53.
Adlung (2007). The most frequent signatories of BITs are Germany and China, with some 130 and 115 Treaties respectively, followed by Switzerland with over 100.
- 54.
Ibid.
- 55.
Sornarajah (2004), p. 215.
- 56.
Martin et al. (2006).
- 57.
Cottier and Molinuevo (2008), pp. 125–151.
- 58.
Paragraph 34, Guidelines for the scheduling of specific commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, WTO Document S/L/92, 28 March 2001.
- 59.
For more, see Development Research Centre on Migration (2005).
- 60.
Paragraph 2, Mode 4 Annex.
- 61.
Strategy available at http://www.ugandaexportsonline.com/strategies/services.pdf.
- 62.
Ibid.
- 63.
HR’s Hyper reality (2011): “The Skills Shortage”.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Ibid.
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Legal Instruments
Doha Declarations.
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
WTO Documents
S/CSS/W/12.
JOB(06)/155.
TN/S/W/14.
S/L/92.
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Kategekwa, J. (2014). Introduction. In: Opening Markets for Foreign Skills: How Can the WTO Help?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03548-2_1
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