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Performance and Seismic Design of Underground Structures

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Book cover Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Design

Part of the book series: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering ((GGEE,volume 28))

Abstract

Underground structures, tunnels, subways, metro stations and parking lots, are crucial components of the build environment and transportation networks. Considering their importance for life save and economy, appropriate seismic design is of prior significance. Their seismic performance during past earthquakes is generally better than aboveground structures. However several cases of severe damage to total collapse have been reported in the literature, with that of the Daikai metro station in Kobe during the Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake (1995) being one of the most characteristic. These recent damages revealed some important weaknesses in the current seismic design practices. The aim of this chapter is not to make another general presentation of the methods used for the seismic design of underground structures, but rather to discuss and highlight the most important needs for an improved seismic performance and design. In that respect it is important to consider that the specific geometric and conceptual features of underground structures make their seismic behavior and performance very distinct from the behavior of aboveground structures, as they are subjected to strong seismic ground deformations and distortions, rather than inertial loads. Several methods are available, from simplified analytical elastic solutions, to sophisticated and in principal more accurate, full dynamic numerical models. Most of them have noticeable weaknesses on the description of the physical phenomenon, the design assumptions and principles and the evaluation of the parameters they need. The chapter presents a short but comprehensive review of the available design methods, denoting the crucial issues and the problems that an engineer could face during the seismic analysis. The main issues discussed herein cover the following topics: (i) force based design against displacement based design, (ii) deformation modes of rectangular underground structures under seismic excitation, (iii) seismic earth pressures on underground structures, (iv) seismic shear stresses distribution on the perimeter of the structure, (v) appropriateness of the presently used impedance functions to model the inertial and the kinematic soil-structure interaction effects, (vi) design seismic input motion, accounting of the incoherence effects and the spatial variation of the motion and (vii) effect of the build environment (i.e. city-effects) on the seismic response of underground structures. The discussion is based on detailed numerical analysis of specific cases and recent experimental results in centrifuge tests. Other important issues like the design of submerged tunnels to liquefaction risk, or the complexity to evaluate the response of the joints of submerged tunnels are also shortly addressed. Finally we present the most recent developments on the evaluation of adequate fragility curves for shallow tunnels.

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Acknowledgements

The research leading to the presented experimental results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007 – 2013] for access to the Schofield Centre of the University of Cambridge under grant agreement n° 227887 (SERIES project). The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Gopal Madabhushi for the fruitful discussions they had with during the study. The contribution of Dr. Sotiris Argyroudis to the vulnerability assessment section of the chapter is also kindly acknowledged.

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  1. Research Unit: Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Kyriazis Pitilakis & Grigorios Tsinidis

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  1. Kyriazis Pitilakis
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Correspondence to Kyriazis Pitilakis .

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  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

    Michele Maugeri

  2. Italian Geotechnical Society, Rome, Italy

    Claudio Soccodato

Appendix A

Appendix A

Closed form solutions presented in the literature for both the transversal and the longitudinal analysis are summarized in the following Tables (Table 11.A5).

Table 11.A1 Closed form solutions for internal forces of circular tunnels (After Wang 1993 and Penzien 2000)
Full size table
Table 11.A2 Strain and curvature due to body and surface waves (After St. John and Zahrah 1987)
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Table 11.A3 Closed form solutions for the determination of bending moment and trust of the lining under sinusoidal input motion in the longitudinal direction (After St. John and Zahrah 1987)
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Table 11.A4 Closed form solutions for the determination of bending moment and trust of the lining (After Kawashima 2000)
Full size table
Table 11.A5 Nomenclature for the previous tables
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Pitilakis, K., Tsinidis, G. (2014). Performance and Seismic Design of Underground Structures. In: Maugeri, M., Soccodato, C. (eds) Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Design. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03182-8_11

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